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Bio Reproduction
MCAT Meiosis/Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Meiosis 1 | Dividing from 2n2x to 1n2x diploid to haploid |
| Meiosis 2 | Dividing from 1n2x to 1n1x Haploid replicated to haploid Mitotic like division |
| Prophase 1 (meisosis) | Longest phase of meiosis Mitotic prophase followed by ** Synapsis - Homologous chromosomes synapse to form the tetrad **Recombination follows |
| Linked Genes | Genes in similar locations on the chromatid Alleles likely to be inherited together Unliked - Cross as two different genes Linked - Cross as one gene will cluster with outliers For 2 heterozygotes 9:3:3:1 ratio = not linked - 11:3:1:1 Linked genes |
| Evolutionary Fitness | 1.Survived to reproductive age 2.Reproduced |
| Metaphase 1 (meiosis) | Tetrads align at metaphase plate (randomly) Humans: 23 tetrads |
| Tetrads | Pairing of replicated Chromosomes from both parents 4 chromatids, 2 from each parent |
| Anaphase 1 (meiosis) | Separate tetrads, Cytokinesis begins |
| Telophase 1 (meiosis) | Spindle fibers break down, Cytokinesis completed Cells now 1n2x Males: Straight into Prophase 2 DNA remains condensed/Nuclear membrane doesn't reform Females: |
| Nondisjunction | Failure to properly separate DNA during gamete formation Anaphase 1: 4 abnormal cells, 2 w/extra DNA/2 lacking or 2 failure: 2 normal, 1 w/extra, 1 w/less DNA |
| Gene | Region of DNA that codes for RNA or protein |
| Trait | Physical expression of gene-Phenotype |
| Polymorphic | Many versions of the trait |
| Allele | Version of a gene |
| Polygenic | 1 trait determined by many genes |
| Pleiotropic | 1 gene determines many traits Melanin |
| Classical Dominance | Homozygous Dom/reces Heterozygous Dom One gene holds dominance over another for trait expression |
| Incomplete dominance | Heterozygous offspring of homozygous parent have blended version of phenotype Offspring have different phenotype from the parent Alleles written in same letter case Ex. Pink roses |
| Codominance | Both Alleles expressed independently at once Human blood groups (A,B) |
| Epistasis | Dominance between two completely different genes - not between alleles of same gene Hair shape Epistatic to if you're bald |
| True breeding | Both alleles on organism are the same (Dom or Reces) |
| Law of Segregation | Alleles are separated during gamete formation during anaphase 1 Except nondisjunction events |
| Law of Independent Assortment | One pair of alleles separation is independent of how another allele separates Except linked genes |
| Rules of probability | Multiplication (Probability of A and/both B) -Probability is AxB Addition (Probability of A or/either B) -Consider mutual exclusivity Probability is A + B - (A x B) |
| Recombination Frequency | # or recombinants/Total # of offspring Higher the frequency, farther apart the genes are |
| Hardy-Weinberg Conditions | NO: Natural Selection Mutations Migrations Large population Randoming mating |
| Hardy-Weinberg equation | p(dom)+q(Recess)=1 allele frequency pp +2pq + qq = 1 Genotypic frequencies |
| Equilibrium restoration | under HW conditions need one generation for new allelic freq establishment and remain stable |
Created by:
mnmoon
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