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Biology

QuestionAnswer
What proteins finish translation in the rough ER SOM Proteins Secreted Proteins (s)ecreted Transmembrane proteins (m)embrane Lysosomal Proteins (o)rganelle
What is a Signal Sequence Group of hydrophobic amino acids within the protein Ribosome is moved to RER when SS is exposed to complete Translation
Difference between S/O and M signal sequence SS is found at the beginning of protein in S/O proteins and removed from completed protein Membrane proteins SS can occur multiple times anywhere in protein and is kept in completed protein
Types of Proteins in Cell membrane Transmembrane (Channels/receptors) Integral (don't span membrane but imbedded) Peripheral (associated with membrane but not imbedded))
4 components of cell membrane Phospholipids Cholesterol Proteins Carbohydrates
Colligative Properties Depends on number not identity of solute particles Freezing/boiling point Vapor/osmotic pressure
Van't Hoff Factor (i) Number of ions produce per molecule of electrolyte when dissolved in water
Freezing point depression Formula Temp change = -Kf(i)m
Vapor Pressure Depression Pressure above solution as evaporates IMF increase - VP Decrease
Boiling Point Elevation Formula Temp change = Kb(i)m
Osmotic Pressure Elevation Formula =i(M)R(T) Van't Hoff Molarity Gas constant Temp in K
Diffusion/Osmosis Diffusion Movement of Particles from High Concentration to low Osmosis Movement of water from ITS high concentration to ITS low
Tonicity Relate only to Solute and only comparative Hypertonic - more particles than Hypotonic - fewer particles than Isotonic - same particles as
Osmotic Pressure Pressure needed to stop movement of water = particle concentration
Hydrostatic pressure Pressure created by movement of water (Opposite to Osmotic pressure)
Passive transport No energy needed/relies on concentration gradient Simple diffusion - small nonpolar molecules move directly through cell membrane Facilitated Diffusion - Small polar molecules need a helper protein to cross membrane
Helper Proteins Pores: Selective by size only Channels: Selective for certain molecules ex. K+ leak channels Porters: Proteins that change shape to help molecules span membrane
Active Transport Requires energy to move molecules AGAINST concentration gradient Primary - Uses ATP directly ex. Na+/K+ pump Secondary - Relies on gradient set up by primary active transport -Indirect ATP use - Ex. Na+-Glu cotransporter
Filament types/proteins/uses Microtubules - Largest (Alpha/Beta Tubulin) -Mitotic spindles/movement of organelles/cilia+flagella Microfilament - Small (Actin) -Muscle contraction/cytokinesis/ameboid motion Intermediate Filaments - Medium (Several different proteins) -Structural
Interphase G1- Growth Checkpoint highly regulated S- DNA replication G2-more growth, prep for division Checkpoint Highly regulated Mitosis
Mitosis - I Pee on the MAT Prophase - Condense DNA, Nuclear membrane dissolves, Form Spindle fibers Metaphase: Align chromosomes at metaphase plate Anaphase: Separate sister chromatids, begin cytokinesis Telophase: Opposite of prophase, finish Cytokinesis
Metastasize Cancer spreading to other tissues
Proto-Oncogenes Turned on, Progress to next phase Turned off, Cell cycle halts Oncogenes: Mutated always on (Gain of function)
Tumor Suppressor Genes Code for proteins that stop cell cycle Monitor genome, if DNA damaged then repair initiated If irreparable, trigger Apoptosis -Loss of function can lead to cancer
Caspases Enzymes that initiate Apoptosis -Cleaves cell proteins at C terminal of aspartate Initiator: Formed from intra/extracellular death signals Effector: End Cell life, Triggered by initiator
Created by: mnmoon
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