Save
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or
show password
Forgot Password?
Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or
Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account. Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.

Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
0:00
edit
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

Cell Metabolism MCAT

Enzymes and important steps

TermDefinition
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Carboxykinase -Catalyzes second step of Gluconeogenesis -Oxaloacetate (4c) to PEP (3C) by using a GTP and removing a CO2
Palmitate - End Product of fatty acid synthesis -Moved to Smooth ER for manipulation
Hormone Blood Sugar Regulation -Insulin secreted when high Increases Fruc2,6-BP to upregulate PFK and Glycolysis -Glucagon Secreted when low Decreases Fruc2,6-BP to downregulate PFK and Glycolysis
Glycogen Metabolism Enzymes -Phosphoglucomutase Switches phosphate groups between 1/6 carbon -Glycogen synthase Cleaves phosphate group on C1 to add to glycogen chain -Glycogen phosphatase Breaks down glycogen by phosphorylating glucose on C1
Fatty Acid Oxidation Products per round Saturated Fat -1 FADH2, 1 NADH, 1 Acetyl CoA Unsaturated Fat -1 NADH, 1 Acetyl CoA Occurs in Mitochondrial Matrix 2 equivalents of ATP are required to prime each Fatty Acid not each round
Hexokinase -Catalyzes first step of glycolysis Glucose to Glucose 6P by adding a phosphate group on C6 using 1 ATP Regulated via Glucose 6P negative feedback inhibition
PFK (Phosphofructokinase) -Catalyzes third step of glycolysis - highly regulated Fructose 6-P to Fructose 1,6-BP by adding a phosphate group on C1 using 1 ATP - Upregulated by AMP and Fruc2,6-BP -Downregulated by ATP and Citrate
Pyruvate Kinase -Catalyzes last step in glycolysis PEP to Pyruvate by removing a phosphate group and gaining 1 ATP Occurs twice per glucose
PDC Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex -Pyruvate and CoA forms Acetyl CoA and CO2 and makes 1 NADH -Occurs twice per glucose
GAP to PEP Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate to Phosphoenolpyruvate -Makes 1 NADH and 1 ATP Reverse reaction in Gluconeogenesis -Uses 1 NADH and 1 ATP Occurs twice per Glucose
Reciprocal Regulation One molecule regulates 2 opposing enzymes in opposite ways Examples - PFK/Fruc1,6-BPase Citrate : -/+ AMP : +/- ATP : -/+ Fruc2,6-BP : +/-
Glycogen Metabolism Steps Glycogenesis when Blood Sugar is high signaled by Insulin Glycogenolysis when Blood Sugar is low signaled by Glucagon Epinephrine also with sympathetic activation
Fatty Acid Synthesis Activation 1. Acetyl Carrier Protein (ACP) Binds Acetyl CoA and transfers it to Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) 2. ACP then Binds Malonyl CoA Occurs in Cytosol
Pyruvate Carboxylase Catalyzes first step of Gluconeogenesis Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate by adding a CO2 and using an ATP Occurs twice per Glucose
Glucose 6-Phosphatase Catalyzes last step of Gluconeogenesis Glucose 6-P to Glucose by removing a phosphate group from C6
Ketone Bodies Created by reacting 2 Acetyl CoA molecules together to create blood soluble nutrients for the brain Acetone Acetoacetate B-Hydroxybutyrate
Glycolysis Input/Output Input: 2 ATP, 1 Glucose, 2 NAD+ Output: 4 ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH
Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphatase Catalyzes third to last step in gluconeogenesis Fructose 1,6-BP to Fructose 6-P by removing a phosphate group
Fatty Acid Oxidation Enzymes Isomerase -Moves up double bond in unsaturated fats (Skips FADH2 production) Thiolase -Cleaves off Acetyl CoA from larger molecule at the end.
Fatty Acid Synthesis Elongation 1. Acetyl CoA on FAS combines with Malonyl CoA on ACP eliminating a CO2 2. Two rounds of reduction occur with NADPH 3. ACP transfers molecule back to FAS and binds additional Malonyl CoA Occurs in Cytosol
Krebs Cycle Input/Output Input: 1 Acetyl CoA, 1 GDP, 3 NAD+, 1 FAD+ Output: 1 CoA, 2 CO2, 1 GTP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
Glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase Catalyzes Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) Oxidative phase Oxidizes Glucose 6P to Ribulose 5P and creates 2 NADPH and 1 CO2
Electron Transport Chain Enzymes 1. NADH Oxidase -4H+ (NADH enters here) 2. Coenzyme Q (FADH2 and Cytosol NADH enter here) 3. Cytochrome C Reductase -4H+ 4. Cytochrome C 5. Cytochrome C Oxidase -2H+
Oxidative Phosphorylation ATP synthase makes 1 ATP for every 4 H+ ions that travel across inner mitochondrial membrane by facilitated diffusion
ATP Produced per Glucose PDC - 2 NADH = 5 ATP Krebs (2 turns) - (1 turn = 10 ATP) 2 GTP = 2 ATP 6 NADH = 15 ATP 2 FADH2 = 3 ATP Glycolysis 2 ATP (net) = 2 ATP 2 NADH = 3 ATP in Euk/5 in Prok 30 ATP in Euk/32 in Prok
Fermentation Sole purpose to regenerate electron carriers Pyruvate reduced by NADH to ETOH (Yeast) or Lactic Acid (Humans) No new energy generation Toxic end Products No Oxygen Use
Created by: mnmoon
Popular MCAT sets

 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards