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AP Psych 60 Big Name
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Alfred Adler | inferiority complex, founder of individual psychology |
| Mary Ainsworth | responsive parenting -- secure vs. insecure attachment -- "strange situation" experiment |
| Gordon Allport | defined personality in terms of traits -- cardinal/central/secondary |
| Solomon Asch | studied conformity -- 3 line study |
| Albert Bandura | Bobo doll experiment (aggression in children) -- social learning/modeling -- reciprocal determinism |
| Diana Baumrind | parenting styles...authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved |
| Aaron Beck | founder of cognitive therapy (eliminate negative thoughts) -- cognitive triad (thoughts of his/her Self, World, Future) |
| Alfred Binet | assessed intellectual abilities -- measured children's mental age -- 1st intelligence test |
| Raymond Cattell | trait theorist -- surface (visible) vs. source (16 underlying traits) |
| Noam Chomsky | children biologically prepared to learn words/use grammar -- innate "language acquisition device" that enables child to construct semantic grammar and generate phrases |
| Paul Ekman | analyzed 7 universal facial expressions -- classified basic expressions... happiness sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger |
| Albert Ellis | Rational-Emotive Therapy -- confront irrational thoughts by discussing ABCs (actions, beliefs, consequences of beliefs) |
| Hans Eysenck | 2/3 dimensions to personality -- stability/instability(neuroticism)... introvert/extrovert... later 3rd dimension of psychoticism |
| Leon Festinger | cognitive dissonance -- level would decrease as incentive to comply with the conflict situation increased b/c people felt less conflict when incentive involved -- if no incentive, people rationalize and changed opinion to match actions |
| Howard Gardner | multiple intelligences (9) |
| Carol Gilligan | Presented feminist critique of Kolhberg's moral development theory b/c he only tested boys; believed women's moral sense guided by relationship studied gender differences in moral development |
| Daniel Goleman | looked at emotional intelligence (EQ) -- items like self-regulation, delay of gratification, empathy and ability to read emotions of others |
| G. Stanley Hall | opened first psychology lab in the US, and he founded and became the first president of the APA One of the first psychologists to describe adolescence and paved way for Piaget William Wundt's Student |
| Karen Horney | pointed out male bias in Freud's work -- personality theory based on need for security child anxiety caused by sense of helplessness and attempts to overcome them manifested in personality |
| William James | American psychologist -- functionalism (how mind works) |
| Irving Janis | groupthink (reach decisions b/c no repercussions about individual decisions) |
| Lawrence Kohlberg | moral development theory |
| Julian Rotter | locus of control -- internal and external |
| Robert Sternberg | 3 types of intelligence (analytic/experiential/ practical) -- triangular theory of love (passion/intimacy/commitment) |
| L.L. Thurstone | 7 main mental abilities like reasoning, verbal comprehension and memory -- IQ calculation of today (standard deviation) |
| J.B. Watson | classical conditioning -- little Albert |
| Walter Cannon | physiology of hunger and emotions -- emotions occur same time as arousal (Cannon-Bard theory) |
| Herman Ebbinghaus | 1st to study memory -- nonsense syllables; Ebbinghaus forgetting curve |
| Erik Erikson | psychosocial stages -- 1st to look at entire lifespan |
| Sigmund Freud | 1st to focus on abnormal behavior -- unconscious mind -- 1st "talking" therapy (psychoanalysis) |
| John Garcia | nauseated rats... taste aversion... showing that organisms are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt (and survive) - only learned aversion to tastes NOT sigh/sounds |
| Harry Harlow | Studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers) |
| Carl Jung | collective unconscious -- repository of shared images and symbols (called archetypes) that emerge in dreams, art, myths... |
| Wolfgang Kohler | insight learning (suddenly realize how to solve problem) -- worked with chimpanzees |
| Elisabeth Kubler-Ross | stages of death and dying (found by interviewing terminally ill patients) -- 5 stages include: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance |
| Karl Lashley | set out to find the memory trace or engram (brain changes with formation of LTM) -- concluded that memories not localized in specific area but are distributed/stored throughout the brain |
| Richard Lazarus | thoughts precede emotions... must appraise the situation before you can have an emotion |
| Elizabeth Loftus | human memory -- reconstructed memory, eyewitness testimony (misinformation effect) -- shown that both wording of question and misleading information can lead to inaccurate reports/memories |
| Abraham Maslow | hierarchy of needs -- self-actualization |
| David McClelland | research on need for achievement (achievement motivation) |
| Stanley Milgram | obedience research -- shock experiment |
| Ivan Pavlov | classical conditioning -- dog experiment |
| Jean Piaget | cognitive development -- children's intelligence develops in stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations) |
| Robert Rescorla | revised Pavlov's experiment -- contingency model (classical conditioning with twist of cognitive -- A is contingent on B or one predicts the other) |
| Carl Rogers | humanistic -- genuineness/acceptance/empathy -- conditions of worth/unconditional positive regard |
| Hermann Rorschach | developed Rorschach inkblot (projective) test |
| Stanley Schachter | 2 factor theory of emotion (Schachter-Singer theory) |
| Martin Seligman | learned helplessness |
| Hans Selye | stress theory -- prolonged stress physically harmful... general adaptation syndrome (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) |
| B.F. Skinner | Skinner box -- operant conditioning (shaping) |
| Charles Spearman | intelligence expressed in single factor (g factor) yet also have specific abilities (s factor) |
| Lewis Terman | revise Binet's IQ test... added items to include older children -- American |
| E.L. Thorndike | law of effect |
| Lev Vygotsky | dvlpmtl. psych -- intellectual development of children -- emphasized role of environment And gradual growth of intellect... sociocultural elements and cognition -- zone of proximal development , child learns accomplish task w/ help of more skilled ppl |
| Max Wertheimer | founder of Gestalt psychology |
| Benjamin Whorf | language cause different cognitive processes -- language influences thinking... thinking influences language |
| Wilhelm Wundt | father of psychology -- structuralism (components of the mind... laws of the mind... where things were located) |
| Robert Zajonc | emotions -- emotional reactions can be quicker than our interpretation of the situation -- social facilitation and mere exposure effect |
| Philip Zimbardo | role-playing -- Stanford prison experiment |
| Edward Titchner | worked with Wundt, structuralism |
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vincentli4
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