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RAD BIO Chapter 10
RAD BIO
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| four radiation standard organizations | ICRP, NCRP, UNSCEAR, NAS/NRC-BEIR |
| five regulatory agencies that must enforce these recommended radiation protection | NRC, agreement states, EPA, OSHA, FDA |
| What organizations made the EfD and EqD limits? | ICRP, NCRP, UNSCEAR, NAS/NCR-BEIR |
| The EPA was created to bring several dept under one organization that would be responsible protecting the health of humans and for safeguarding the natural environment from.... | Industrial practices and harmful waste disposal |
| how does the FDA determine the level of compliance with standards in a given radiology facility? | on site inspections, particularly in mammography |
| NRC controls the manufacture and use of radioactive isotopes formed in nuclear reactors and used in... | research, industry, nuclear medicine imaging procedures, therapeutic treatments |
| what year did the the NRC expand it's definition of by- product substances to include NARM materials? | 2008 |
| What is an agreement state? | individual states of the US that have entered into an agreement with the NRC to assume responsibility for enforcing radiation protection regulations throughout threat respective health dept |
| ICRP is composed of... | a main commission, 12 active members, a chairman, 4 standing committees |
| international authority on the safe use of sources of ionizing radiation | ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection) |
| True/ False UNSCEAR is an enforcement agency | False |
| True/ False NRC is a recommendation agency | False |
| Reviews studies of biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessments and provides the information to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluations | NAS/NRC-BEIR |
| CDRH falls under? | FDA |
| UNSCEAR evaluates humans and environmental ionizing radiation exposures from a variety of sources, including... | Radioactive Materials, Radiation Producing machines, Radiation accidents |
| Conducts an ongoing product radiation control program, regulating the design and manufacture of electronic products, including XR equipment | FDA |
| another name for ALARA | optimization |
| dose relationship ALARA follows | an extremely conservative linear non- threshold model |
| Tissue reactions caused by high doses, their frequency of occurrence follows a... | a sigmoid curve or nonlinear threshold |
| Stochastic responses may be demonstrated with use of both the... | linear and linear quadratic dose response curves |
| current method for controlling the risk of biologic damage to radiation workers and the general public from radiation exposure | effective dose limiting system |
| sum of both __ and ___ whole body exposure is considered when effective dose limits are established. | external and internal |
| when is the embryo at the most significant risk for radiation induced intellectual disability after conception | 8-15 weeks |
| Epidemiologic studies of atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero provided conclusive evidence of a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of severe intellectual disability for fetal doses higher than approximately | 0.4 Sv |
| Tissue weighing factors are recommended by whom and then adopted by whom? | ICRP, NCRP |
| What is the tissue weighting factor: Thyroid | 0.05 |
| What is the tissue weighting factor: lung | 0.12 |
| What is the tissue weighting factor: skin | 0.01 |
| What is the tissue weighting factor: bone surface | 0.01 |
| What is the tissue weighting factor: Red Bone Marrow | 0.12 |
| What is the tissue weighting factor: Stomach | 0.12 |
| What is the tissue weighting factor: colon | 0.12 |
| What is the tissue weighting factor: Gonads | 0.20 |
| What is the tissue weighting factor: breast | 0.05 |
| What is the tissue weighting factor: esophagus | 0.05 |
| What is the tissue weighting factor: Liver | 0.05 |
| Who regulates the Tissue Weighting Factors? | NCRP |
| limit for any education and training of individual under the age of 18 | 1 mSv anually |
| limit: crystalline lens of the eye | 150 mSv |
| limit: localized areas of the skin, the hands and feet | 500 mSv |
| Annual Negligible Individual Dose | 0.01 mSv/ year |
| Monthly EqD for pregnant female workers | 0.5 mSv |
| Entire pregnancy limit after declaration | 5.0 mSv |
| What premise does the FDA support? | each patient should get the right imaging exam, at the right time, with the right radiation dose |
| Consumer- Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981 | Provides federal legislation requiring the establishment of minimum standards for the accreditation of educational programs for persons who perform radiologic procedures and the certification of such persons. |
| To provide a low-exposure cutoff level so that regulatory agencies may consider a level of effective dose as being of negligible risk | Negligible Individual Dose |
| two main categories of radiation induced repossess of series concern for humans | Tissue reactions (early or late) and Stochastic (probabilistic) effects |
| Early and Late tissue reactions have a high probability of occurring when entrance radiation doses exceed... | 2Gyt |
| In the FDA White Paper, the FDA woks in conjunction with their partners to take actions. What actions are taking? | promote safe use of medical imaging devices, support informed clinical decision, and increase patient awareness. |
| What was the purpose of the federal legislation set forth by the consumer patient radiation health and safety act of 1981? | to ensure that regular medical and dental radiologic practices adhere to rigorous safety provisions. |
| The XR beam, and the light beam must coincide to within 2% of the SID | QC Test: Collimation |
| The SID indicator must be accurate to within 2% of the actual SID | QC Test: Source to Image Receptor Distance Indicator |
| The PBL must be accurate to within 2% of the SID | QC Test: Positive Beam Limitation |
| The maximum acceptable variation on linearity of 10% from one mA station to an adjacent mA station | QC Test: Linearity/ mA accuracy testing |
| Must be accurate within 10% of the control panel setting | QC Test: Kilovoltage Accuracy |
| All general purpose of diagnostic XR beams must have a total filtration (inherent plus added) of at least _ when operated above 70 kVp. Radiographic tubes operated between 50 and 70 kVp must have at least _Al. Below 50 kVp a minimum of _ total filtration | QC Test: Filtration.... 2.5 mm Al, 1.5 mm Al, 0.5 mm Al |
| Backup time should be set at 150-200% of the expected exposure time. | QC Test: Backup timer |
| True/ False: The NRC does not regulate or inspect XR imaging facilities | True |
| Those states that have declined to maintain their own self designed indecent radiation protection program for radiative materials. Both the state and the NRC jointly inspect and enforce radiation protection regulations by sending agents at different times | Nonagreement states |
| Recommendation or Enforce: EPA | Enforce |
| Recommendation or Enforce: NCRP | Recommendation |
| Recommendation or Enforce: OSHA | Enforce |
| Recommendation or Enforce: NAS/NRC-BEIR | Recommendation |
| Recommendation or Enforce: FDA | Enforce |
| Recommendation or Enforce: UNSCEAR | Recommendation |
| Recommendation or Enforce: ICRP | Recommendation |
| Recommendation or Enforce: NRC | Enforce |
| Recommendation or Enforce: Agreement states | Enforce |
| Uses epidemologic data acquired from the Radiation Effects Research Foundation and research conclusions to derive radiation risk assessment for radiation induced cancer and genetic effects | UNSCEAR |
| Advisory group that reviews studies of biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessments | NAS/NRC-BEIR |
| Users of radioactive material must be formally _ by the NRC and will receive periodic unannounced _ by NRC staff | Licensed, Inspections |
| Because the NCRP is not an enforcement agency, the enactment lies with _ and _ agencies that have the power to enforce such standards | federal and state |
| Future radiation protection standards are expected to continue based off of ... | Risk |
| What does the NRC supervise? | design and working mechanics of nuclear power stations production of nuclear fuel handling of expended fuel Supervision of hazardous radioactive waste material |
| True/False: Public Law 90-602 does not regulate the diagnostic XR user; it's strictly an equipment performance standard. | True |
| What is the CDRH responsible for? | Conducting ongoing electronic product radiation control program including establishing standards for the manufacture, installation, assembly, and maintenance of machines for radiologic procedures. |
| What was the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act (Public Law 90-602) enacted to protect? | The public from the hazards of unnecessary radiation exposure resulting from electronic products such as microwave ovens and picture tube color televisions. Diagnostic x-ray equipment was also included. |
| What is the annual occupational dose limit? | 50 msv |
| thyroid shield lead thickness? | .5 mm |
| Lead apron lead thickness? | .5mm |
| what is the requirements for the primary barrier? | 1.6 mm lead, extends 2.1 meters upward from the floor when XR tube is 1.5 to 2.1m from wall in question |
| what is the requirement for the secondary barrier? | .8mm lead |
| what are the requirements of the control booth barrier? | permanently secured to the floor, extend 2.1m upward from the floor |
| glass window has to at least be a minimum of | 1.5mm lead |
| Clear acrylic secondary barrier requirements | 30% impregnanted lead window, shatter resistant, lead equivalency 0.3 to 2mm of lead |
| clear acrylic primary barrier lead thickness? | .5mm lead |
| lead thickness: eyeglasses | .35 |
| lead thickness: lead gloves | .25 |
| lead thickness: lead apron (mammo) | .25 |
| lead thickness: protective curtain | .25 |
| lead thickness: Bucky slot | .25 |
| interventional procedure exposure rate regular: | 8.8 (10R/min) |
| interventional procedure exposure rate BOOST mode: | 20-40 cgy/min |
| for mobile units, the radiographers should stand how many meters away from the patient, XR tube, and useful beam? | 2 meters |
| exposure of the radiographer will not exceed a max allowance of per week | 1 msv |
| Use factor: Full use (U=1) | floors of radiation rooms except dental installations, doors, walls, and ceilings of radiation rooms exposed routinely to the primary beam |
| Use factor: Partial use (U = 1/4) | Doors and walls of radiation rooms not exposed routinely to the primary beam; also floors of dental installations |
| Use Factor: Occasional use (U= 1/16) | ceilings of radiation rooms not exposed routinely to the primary beam; because of the low use factor; shielding requirements for a ceiling usually determined by secondary rather than primary beam considerations. |
| List the late tissue reactions. | Cataract formation, fibrosis, organ atrophy, loss of parenchymal cells, reduced fertility, and sterility |
| List the Early tissue reactions. | Nausea, fatigue, diffuse redness of the skin (erythema), loss of hair (alopecia), intestinal disorders, fever, blood disorders, and shedding of the outer layer of skin |
| Define Tissue Weighting Factor | Value that denotes the percentage of the summed stochastic (cancer plus genetic) risk stemming from irradiation of specific tissues to the all-inclusive risk when the entire body is irradiated in a uniform fashion |
| he rate of transfer of energy from ionizing radiation, used for diagnostic purposes (x-rays), to soft biologic tissue is estimated to be________which is considered to be relatively low-LET radiation compared with other types of radiation. | 3 keV/µm |
| What are the effects experienced during the manifest illness stage of the gastrointestinal syndrome? | Severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, lethargy, anemia, leukopenia, hemorrhage, infection, electrolyte imbalance, emaciation |
| What whole-body dose must be received for the cerebrovascular form of ARS? | 50 |
| How long does the latent period typically last for the cerebrovascular syndrome? | 12 hours |
| What is the whole-body dose that can begin to contribute to early tissue reactions? | 6 gy |
| Currently, what does the BEIR Committee recommend using for most types of cancer? | linear non threshold DR curve |
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