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Church-State
Church-State relations in Nazi Germany under Hitler
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How and when did Pope Pius XI respond to the Nazis breaking their side of the 1933 concordat and how did it affect Hitlers popularity? | In 1937 he responded by condemning the Nazis in a papal encyclical called 'Mit Brennender Sorge'/'With Burning Anxiety' It was smuggled into Germany and read aloud at mass-Hitlers popularity remained unchanged |
| What actions were taken by the Nazis to break the 1933 concordat before WWII? | Attempts to remove crucifix from schools, the Nazi Succession Campaign encouraged people to leave church, Catholic youth groups harassed and the Catholic Youth League was forced to disband |
| What actions were taken by the Nazis to break the 1933 concordat during WWII and how did who respond? | Catholic Press shut down, organised attacks on church property by the Nazis began, Nazis began euthanasia- killing some priests that way while sending others to concentration camps Pope Pius XII openly criticised the Nazis |
| How many Christians were living in Germany in 1925 and how many were in each denomination? | 62 million Christians- 40 million Evangelical Lutheran Protestants, 21 million Catholics and 260,000 in smaller Protestant denominations |
| What was Hitlers view on religion? | He didn't want the church interfering with politics but also understood the influence the church had over people |
| When was the concordat between the Catholic Church and Germany signed and who signed it? | Signed in 1933 by Deputy Chancellor Franz von Papen on behalf of Germany and Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli on behalf of the Church |
| What did Hitler promise the Church in the 1933 concordat? | To give the Church control of religious education in Catholic schools, a guarantee of religious freedom and worship, a guarantee of property rights and the right to appoint Bishops in Germany |
| What did the Church promise Hitler in the 1933 concordat? | Bishops were to swear an oath of loyalty to the Reich, they promised not to interfere in politics and they withdrew support for the German Catholic Centre Party (which removed the small bit of political power the church had in Germany) |
| What was the largest Church in Germany? | The German Evangelical Church comprising of 28 regional churches |
| What ministry did Hitler establish in 1935 and what significant things did it do? | The Ministry for Church Affairs- repressed the Confessing Church, banned pastors, had Niemoller sent to a concentration camp, had Confessing Church seminaries banned and ha d all state-funded religious schools closed by 1939 |
| What movement began in the 1920'sand what was the movement for? | The "German Christians" movement- they embraced nationalistic and racial aspects of Nazism |
| Who and what established a 'nazified' version of Christianity? | Ludwig Muller sought the creation of the 'Reichkirche' (Reich Church) |
| What ideas did Muller bring to Churches in Germany? | He brought anti-Semitism and Nazi ideas and as Reich Bishop brought the saying "Hitler is the new Messiah" |
| Who was opposed to the Reichkirche and what did he establish? | Niemoller opposed, formed the Confessional Church |
| Who supported the Confessional Church (include a number)? | 6,000 pastors and 40% of the Evangelical clergy |
| How effective were both Hitler at suppressing the churches and the churches at opposing Hitler? | Hitler succeeded in controlling the churches in Germany, but not at crushing them The churches were ineffective at opposing Hitler compared to other organisations |
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