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RA 102 Chapter 7
Toes, Foot, Ankle
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The lower limb, or extremity, and its girdle are studied in four parts: | foot, leg, thigh, hip |
| The foot consists of 26 bones: | - 14 phalanges (bones of the toes) - 5 metatarsals (bones of the instep) - 7 tarsals (bones of the ankle) |
| For descriptive purposes, the foot is sometimes divided into the: | - forefoot (metatarsals and toes) - midfoot (five tarsals—cuneiforms, navicular, cuboid) - hindfoot (talus and calcaneus) |
| The superior surface of the foot is termed the: | dorsum or dorsal surface |
| the inferior, or posterior, aspect of the foot is termed the: | plantar surface |
| Each foot has 14 phalanges: | 2 in the great toe and 3 in each of the other toes |
| The phalanges of the great toe (1st digit) are termed: | distal and proximal phalanges |
| The phalanges of the 2nd - 5th digits are termed: | proximal, middle, and distal phalanges |
| The five metatarsals are numbered one to five beginning at the: | medial or great toe side of the foot |
| The base of the 5th metatarsal contains a prominent tuberosity, which is a common site of: | fractures |
| The proximal foot contains seven tarsals: | • Calcaneus • Talus • Navicular • Cuboid • Medial cuneiform • Intermediate cuneiform • Lateral cuneiform |
| Beginning at the medial side of the foot, the cuneiforms are described as: | medial, intermediate, and lateral |
| The calcaneus is the largest and strongest: | tarsal bone |
| The long axis of the calcaneus is directed inferiorly and forms an angle of approximately: | 30 degrees |
| Superiorly, three articular facets join with the talus. They are called the: | anterior, middle, and posterior facets |
| The medial aspect of the calcaneus extends outward as a: | shelflike overhang and is termed the sustentaculum tali |
| The lateral surface of the calcaneus contains the: | trochlea |
| The talus, irregular in form and occupying the superiormost position of the foot, is the: | second largest tarsal bone |
| The talus articulates with four bones: | tibia, fibula, calcaneus, and navicular bone |
| The superior surface, the trochlear surface, articulates with the: | tibia and connects the foot to the leg |
| The head of the talus is directed anteriorly and has articular surfaces that join the: | navicular bone and calcaneus |
| On the talus inferior surface is a groove called: | the sulcus tali, which forms the roof of the sinus tarsi and also contains three facets that align with the facets on the superior surface of the calcaneus. |
| The cuboid bone lies on the lateral side of the foot between the: | calcaneus and the 4th and 5th metatarsals |
| The navicular bone lies on the medial side of the foot between the: | talus and the three cuneiforms |
| The cuneiforms lie at the central and medial aspect of the foot between the: | navicular bone and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd metatarsals |
| The medial cuneiform is the largest of the: | three cuneiform bones |
| The intermediate cuneiform is the smallest of the: | three cuneiform bones |
| Beneath the head of the first metatarsal are two small bones called: | sesamoid bones |
| Sesamoid bones are a common site of: | fractures and must be shown radiographically |
| The leg has two bones: | the tibia and the fibula |
| The tibia, the second largest bone in the body, is situated on the: | medial side of the leg and is a weight-bearing bone |
| Slightly posterior to the tibia on the lateral side of the leg is the: | fibula and does not bear any body weight |
| The proximal end of the tibia has two prominent processes: | the medial and lateral condyles |
| The superior surfaces of the condyles form smooth facets for: | articulation with the condyles of the femur |
| These two flatlike superior surfaces are called the tibial plateaus, and they slope posteriorly about: | 10 - 20 degrees |
| The lateral condyle has a facet at its distal posterior surface for articulation with the: | head of the fibula |
| On the anterior surface of the tibia, just below the condyles, is a prominent process called the: | tibial tuberosity |
| Extending along the anterior surface of the tibial body, beginning at the tuberosity, is a sharp ridge called the: | anterior crest |
| The distal end of the tibia (Fig. 6-5) is broad, and its medial surface is prolonged into a large process called the: | medial malleolus |
| Its anterolateral surface of the tibia contains the anterior tubercle, which overlays the: | fibula |
| The lateral surface of the tibia is flattened and contains the triangular fibular notch for articulation with the: | fibula |
| The surface under the distal tibia is smooth and shaped for articulation with the: | talus |
| The proximal end of the fibula is expanded into a head, which articulates with the: | lateral condyle of the tibia |
| At the lateroposterior aspect of the head on the fibia is a conic projection called the: | apex |
| The enlarged distal end of the fibula is the: | lateral malleolus |
| Viewed axially, the lateral malleolus lies approximately: | 15 to 20 degrees more posterior than the medial malleolus |
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