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Lesson 26
Glycolysis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 4 main paths for glucose | Storage as glycogen, starch, etc; synthesis for cell wall/extracellular matrix, pentose phosphate path (ribose 5'-P), and breakdown by glycolysis |
| Preparatory Phase of Glycolysis | 5 steps, uses 2 ATP, makes two 3-Carbon phosphorylated molecules |
| Payoff Phase of Glycolysis | 5 steps, makes 4 ATP and 2 NADH, makes pyruvate |
| Glycolysis overall reaction | Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi --> 2Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP +2H2O + 2H+ |
| Glycolysis Step 1: Phosphorylation of Glucose | Glucose is phosphorylated at C-6 to stay in the cell. Performed by hexokinase or glucokinase (only in liver) |
| Glycolysis Step 2: Glucose 6-P --> Fructose 6-P | makes glucose into fructose, a 5 member ring. In the linear state, the carbonyl would move from C1->C2. Performed by phosphohexose isomerase |
| Glycolysis Step 3: Fructose 6-P --> Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate | Uses ATP to phosphorylate C1 to make a symmetrical molecule. Performed by phosphofructosekinase 1 (PFK1). Irreversible - first committed step |
| Glycolysis Step 4: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate cleavage | Aldolase performs a reverse aldol condensation, making glyceraldehyde 3-P and dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
| Glycolysis Step 5: Interconversion of the triose phosphates | glyceraldehyde 3-P and dihydroxyacetone P can be interconverted by triose phosphate isomerase (TPI). Only glyceraldehyde 3-P is used |
| NAD+ and NADP+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, can absorb a hydride ion, important for electron movement, made from niacin (Vit A) |
| Glycolysis Step 6: Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde 3-P to Glyceraldehyde 1,3-bis-P | Glyceraldehyde + HPO4 (inorganic phosphate) + NAD+ --> glyceraldehyde-1,3 + NADH + H+, done by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| Glycolysis Step 7: Phosphoryl Transfer from glyceraldehyde-1,3-bisphosphate to ATP | Phosphoglycerate kinase moves the phosphoryl at the C-1 to make ATP |
| Substrate Level Phosphorylation | Making ATP by phosphoryl transfer from a substrate |
| Glycolysis Step 8: Conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate | Phosphoglycerate mutase moves the phosphoryl from C3 to C2 |
| Glycolysis Step 9: 2-Phosphoglycerate --> Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) | enolase removes a water molecule from 2-phosphoglycerate, making a double bond between C2 and C3 |
| Glycolysis Step 10: Phosphoryl transfer from PEP | Pyruvate kinase moves the phosphoryl from PEP to make ATP and pyruvate |
| 3 fates of pyruvate | aerobic respiration, lactic acid fermentation (muscles) or ethanol fermentation (prokaryotes) |
Created by:
CGraybosch
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