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MCAT psy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| independent variable | The part of the experiment that can be manipulated |
| dependent variable | The part of the experiment that researchers measure changes in response to manipulation. |
| confounding variable | a third variable that affects both the independent and dependent variable |
| mediating variable | casual link between two variable in an observed relationship. |
| moderating variable | modulates the intensity of a certain relationship |
| operationalization | translating the goal into something we can measure in a practical way |
| experimental studies | researchers directly manipulate an independent variable |
| observational studies | researchers carefully analyze relationships among variables without manipulating any variables. |
| quantitative | measure variables numerically |
| qualitative | measures variables verbally |
| mixed-methods | measuring variables both numerically and verbally |
| negative controls | do not receive treatment or intervention of interest. |
| positive controls | receives treatment that is known to induce the outcome of interest. |
| randomization | randomly allocated specimens to treatment groups |
| blinding | the specimen and/or the research don't know which group the specimen is in. |
| cross-sectional study | researchers take sample of population and sample them at one point in time. |
| correlational study | focus on how certain variables correlate. |
| longitudinal study | multiple measurements are made over time |
| risk factor | independent variables associated with higher risk of a negative outcome |
| protective factors | independent variable associated with lower risk of negative outcome |
| cohort study | subjects are assembled according to organizing principle and followed up with over time. |
| prospective analysis | data are gathered moving forward |
| retrospective | studies that gather data from looking back |
| Case-control studies | gathering cases with outcome of interest and comparing them to control. |
| Case study | researchers report their experiences with a certain condition or treatment over a single case. |
| Case series | a case study applied over multiple cases. |
| systematic reviews | studies in which a researcher combs through the literature on a given topic and critically assesses the outcomes of various studies. |
| meta-analyses | thought to yield the strongest available evidence on a given topic. |
| social and clinical value | the study must be attempting to answer an important question. |
| fair subject selection | indicates that a participant in a study should be chosen based on the relevance for the study's scientific goals |
| favorable risk-benefit ratio | mandates that the risks of a study participation should be minimized and that the benefits of the study must outweigh whatever risks are present. |
| independent review | independent board of reviewers should assess the research proposal for any study before this starts to find any ethical concerns. |
| Informed consent | participants must be informed of the purposes methods risks and benefits of the study and be given choice to participate accordingly. |
| respect for potential and enrolled participants | factors that respect privacy, maintain confidentiality, and monitor patients welfare during the research. |
| Nature vs nurture | debate regarding the extent to which genetic or environmental factors are responsible for a given outcome. |
| cause and effect relationship | one or more things happen as a result of something else |
| Validity | extent to which a study results are both genuine and generalizable |
| Internal validity | extent to which we can draw casual conclusions from the study data |
| external validity | how well experiment generalizes to real world outcomes |
| construct validity | how well an assessment measures what it intends to |
| accuracy | whether measure produces values close to the objectively true value |
| precision | whether the results are close to each other |
| Survey methods | questionnaires, cheap but vulnerable to self report bias |
| Social desirability bias | Tendency to reply in a way that seems more socially acceptable |
| Acquiescence bias | tendency to answer yes to a question by default |
| Representativeness | idea that a sample should accurately reflect the population its taken from |
| Biological approaches | mechanistic processes that lead to behaviors |
| psychological approaches | more interested in kinds of behavior that an individual may exhibit. Studied through observations of behavior organization and feelings of group |
| Sociological approaches | focuses on observations of behavior, organization, and feelings of groups |
| New born reflexes | Rooting, sucking, palmar grasp, moro and babinski |
| First year of life reflexes | Caregiver focus, stranger anxiety |
| One to two year complexes | complex motor behavior, identity formation, ego centrism. |
| critical periods | experiences can imprint on children for life |
| Hypothalamus | major regulatory center, releases CRF, TRH, GNRH |
| Anterior pituitary | releases ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin, GH, |
| Posterior Pituitary | Releases ADH, and oxytocin |
| oxytocin | Hor for bonding, empathy, uterine contractions, and milk letdown reflex. |
| Prolactin | Hoe for lactation, implicated in postpartum depression |
| Leptin | Hor for satiety |
| Ghrelin | Hor for hunger |
| Neuropeptide Y | Hor for appetite |
| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine | Hor for acute stress response |
| Cortisol | Hor for chronic stress |
| Thyroid hor | Hor for metabolic rate and neural development |
| Hindbrain | Cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata |
| Midbrain | Substantia nigra, superior and inferior colliculi |
| Brainstem | Midbrain, Medulla oblongata, and pons |
| Forebrain | Divided into Diencephalon and telencephalon |
| Diencephalon | Thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, and pinel gland |
| eeg | Measure activity through electrodes as wavelengths |
| CT | X ray taken in 360 and assembeled |
| MRI | uses magnetic fields and useful for soft tissue |
| fMRI | measures perfusion of brain regions |
| PET | uses radiolabeled Glucose to measure metabolic activity |
| stimulus | Step one in receiving perception |
| Transduction | Step two in receiving perception |
| sensation | step three in receiving perception |
| perception | step four in receiving perception |
| location, type/modality, intensity, duration of input | Sensory receptors give information on 4 things |
| photoreceptors | type of receptor for light |
| mechanoreceptor | type of receptor for sound/touch |
| nociceptors | type of receptor for pain |
| Osmoceptors | type of receptor for concentration |
| chemoreceptor | Type of receptor for taste/ smell |
| baroreceptor | type of receptor for body position |
| absolute threshold | minimum signal to be detected |
| just noticeable difference | amount stimulus must be changed to be noticed |
| signal detection theory | ability to pick up true/false presence/absence of stimulus from environment |
| Top down processing | using expectations to structure perception, looking at smaller details before seeing the whole picture |
| bottom up processing | taking in info first then looking at individual details. |
| Gestalt laws | principles describing how we integrate stimuli into consciously perceived shapes |
| Visible light | EM waves with wavelengths between 380 nm and 740 nm |
| Rods | Cell that Contain rhodopsin and are sensitive to light, do not dectect color |
| Cones | Cell that Dectect color and responsible for detail. |
| Short Cone | Blue cones |
| Medium cone | Green cones |
| Long cones | Red cones |
| Photoreceptors | first step in phototransduction |
| Horizontal cells | Second step in phototransduction |
| Bipolar cells | Third step in phototransduction |
| Amacrine cells | Fourth step in phototransduction |
| Ganglion cells | Fifth step in phototransduction |
| Optic nerve to optic chiasm | First step in Visual input |
| Second step in visual input | optic chiasm to Lateral geniculate nucleus |
| Lateral geniculate nucleus to visual cortex | Third step in visual input |
| Visual cortex to superior colliculi | Fourth step in visual input |
| motion parallax | monocular depth clue based on relative motion of near vs far objects |
| feature detection | ability to detect motion, color, shape, timing, and size |
| Parallel processing | integrate simultaneous input |
| serial processing | sort incoming input to find specific info |
| gate theory of pain | we can turn certain signals on or off depending on the overall pattern of sensory input |
| taste | sense processed in the thalamus then sent to the gustatory cortex |
| smell | sense processed in the olfactory bulb then passed along olfactory tract to limbic system and elsewhere. |
| Consciousness | awareness of our surroundings and ourselves and can be split into at least four broad states. |
| Alertness | Sleep stage with Beta waves. |
| Drowsiness | Sleep stage with Alpha waves |
| Stage 1 | Sleep stage with Theta waves and light sleep |
| Stage 2 | Sleep stage with Thea waves, sleep spindles, and K complexs |
| Stage 3 | Sleep stage with delta waves, deep sleep/ slow wave, memory processing. |
| REM sleep | Rapid eye movement, dreaming, irregular respiration, and heart rate. |
| Circadian rhythm | The body's 24 hour clock, regulated by melatonin, and cortisol. |
| Dyssomnias | Sleep-wake disorders. |
| Parasomnias | Sleep disorders that cause abnormal behaviors while sleeping. |
| Addiction | pattern of compulsive behavior despite negative consequences |
| Dependence | The onset of withdrawal symptoms on cessation |
| Tolerance | Requiring larger doses to experience an effect. |
| Mesolimbic pathway | Reward pathway often active in addiction. |
| Stimulants | drug that increase CNS activity and include caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, and MDMA. |
| Depressants | Drug that decrease CNS activity and include alcohol, benzoliazepines, barbiturates. |
| Korsakoff syndrome | Syndrome caused by chronic alcohol use, include memory loss, confusion, and confabulation. |
| Opioids | Drug that is effective at pain relief but also addictive. Include Morphine, heroin, codeine, hydrocodone, ocycodone, and fentanyl. |
| Hallucinogens | distort perceptions and enhance sensory experiences. Includes LSD, Ketamine, psilocybin, and PCP. |
| Selective attention | Ability to pay attention to just a few things in our environment and pay less or no attention to others. |
| Broadbent filter model | unimportant and background information is filtered out of the sensory buffer and lost. |
| Treismann attenuation model | unimportant and background information is attenuated. |
| Cocktail party effect | Noticing important information while being surrounded by attenuated information. |
| inattentional blindness | We miss things if we're focusing elsewhere. |
| Change blindness | we miss things that have gradually or subtly changed in our environments |
| Multitasking | Switching between tasks very fast that impairs performance in both tasks. |
| Simultaneous attention | processing two tasks at the same time to multitask. |
| Sequential attention | Switching between tasks rapidly to multitask. |
| All-port's module resource theory | Attention isn't regulated by a single center but divided among modules in the brain according to task. Using different modules works well, while similar ones does not. |
| Attention- deficit/ hyperactivity disorder | inattentive type, hyperactive impulsive type, and combined type. |
| Information processing model | Treats the brain somewhat like a computer handling input and creating output |
| sensorimotor | Lacking object permanence, circular reactions, stranger anxiety |
| Preoperational | symbolic though, ego centrism, centration, lack of conservation |
| Concrete operational | understand conservation, logical reasoning |
| formal operational | behavior stage where we, abstract logic, handle hypothetical, reason abstractly, |
| Fluid intelligence | Problem solving skills |
| Crystallized intellgence | Knowledge and its application |
| Down syndrome | Trisomy 21 |
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | prenatal alcohol exposure |
| Trial and error | Try different options and see what works |
| Algorithm | problem solving technique, applying a fixed set of steps. |
| deductive reasoning | top down, applying general principles to a specific situation |
| inductive reasoning | bottom up, successive observations are extrapolated to identify general principles. |
| analogies | recognizing that a new problem is similar to a problem that we've seen before, and then solving the new problem in the same way that we solved the old one. |
| mental set | framework for solving a problem, |
| functional fixedness | seeing only a prescribed set of uses for a particular set of uses for a particular object or property. |
| Belief perseverance | people's tendency to maintain beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence. |
| overconfidence | being too sure of one's ability |
| under confidence | being not sure enough of one's ability |
| Biases | patterns used to quickly make judgements |
| Heuristics | used to problem solve |
| confirmation bias | disregarding of evidence contrary to one's beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence, selective recall of only supporting evidence. |
| Hindsight bias | phenomenon that all events in retrospect seem significantly more predictable than they were at the time, and the actual outcome appears as the only likely outcome |
| Causation bias | Tendency to infer cause and effect to almost any set of events occurring in close proximity or that we expect to be causally related |
| representativeness heuristic | using prototypical categories to misestimate the likelihood of a certain behavior outcome or property. |
| availability heuristic | believing that events that immediately come to mind are more likely |
| phonetics | direct sounds that we produce |
| phonology | sound structures affecting meaning |
| morphology | word formation/construction |
| syntax | phrases/sentences |
| semantics | literal meaning |
| pragmatics | real world language use, non literal meaning |
| learning theory of language | all language is learned behavior |
| nativist theory of language | humans have an innate capacity for learning language |
| interactionist theory | emphasizes interactions with the environment without denying inborn capacity |
| sapir-whorf hypothesis | language we speak shapes our cognition |
| linguistic determinism | language simply dictates thought |
| aphasia | impairment of the ability to communicate |
| Wernicke's aphasia | fluent speech but comes out in a wacky word salad, difficulty with language comprehension. Located in superior temporal lobe. |
| Broca's aphasia | extreme difficulty producing language without significant difficulty understanding spoken language. Located in frontal lobe. |
| Conduction aphasia | severe difficulty repeating words and is caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus a structure connecting broca's and wernicke's areas. |
| Encoding | transformation of sensory input into a cognitive object |
| Priming | Our response to subsequent stimuli based on our exposure to prior ones |
| Negative priming | prior stimulus inhibits the processing of a current one. |
| Chunking | Grouping similar words together to enhance learning |
| Mnemonics | creating hooks to recall easier and enhance learning |
| Method of loci | mentally mapping information onto an imagined space to enhance learning. |
| Instantaneous memory | Sensory memory, lasts 1 second |
| Brief memory | Short-term memory/ working memory lasts 30 seconds |
| Life-long memory | Long term memory lasts forever |
| Visuospatial sketchpad | part of working memory, buffer of sorts that is used to hold onto visual and spatial information as it is processed by working memory |
| Explicit memory | type of long-term memory that's concerned with recollection of facts and events |
| Implicit memory | Knowing how to preform action |
| Flashbulb memory | Extremely vivid and detailed memory of important moments in out lives. 9/11 |
| Eidetic memory | Ability to remember large amounts of stimulus after a short exposure. |
| Iconic memory | Highly detailed visual image can remain on perception for a brief period of time |
| Prospective memory | refers to memories related to plans to do something in the future. |
| Semantic networks | Store memory what can be retrieved through activation. |
| Source monitoring Errors | Accurate info, wrong source |
| Habituation | the diminishing of an innate response to a frequently repeated stimulus. |
| dishabituation | restoration to full strength of a response that has become weakened by habituation |
| sensitization | the quality or condition of responding to certain stimuli in a sensitive manner. |
| extinction | fading of non-reinforced conditioned response over time. |
| instinctual drift | tendency of an animal to revert to unconscious and automatic behavior that interferes with learned behavior from operant conditioning |
| imprinting | phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behaviour |
| observational learning | learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others |
| Associative learning | classical and operant conditioning |
| classical conditioning | uncond stim turn into cond stim |
| Conditioned stimulus | previously neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| Operant Conditioning | Frequency of behavior is increased by reinforcement and decreased by punishment. |
| Positive reinforcement | Adding a good thing for good behavior |
| Positive punishment | Adding a bad thing for bad behavior |
| Negative reinforcement | Removal of a bad thing for good behavior |
| Negative punishment | removal of a good thing for bad behavior |
| Continuous schedule | Giving treat for every target behavior |
| Fixed ratio | Giving treat for every specific amount of target behavior |
| Fixed interval | Giving treat for a specific length of time |
| Variable ratio | Giving treat for random amount of target behavior |
| Variable interval | Giving treat for a random length of time |
| Shaping | rewarding progressive approximations of a target behavior |
| capturing | Waiting around for a behavior to happen to reward |
| Latent learning | Background learning that happens and information gathered even when no rewards are present. |
| Mirror neurons | putative biological basis of observational learning |
| Limbic system | Part of the brain associated with emotions |
| Amygdala | Part of brain for emotional processing |
| Hypothalamus | Part of brain that connects the CNS with the endocrine system |
| James lange emotion | stimulus then physiological then emotion |
| Cannon bard | stimulus then physiological then emotion but with contextual appraisal |
| Lazarus | Stimulus to labeling to physiological response then emotion |
| Stressors | Stimulus that cause stress |
| Independent stressor | Stress stimulus that we can't control |
| Dependent stressor | Stress stimulus that we can control |
| Avoidance-avoidance conflict | only looking at the bad things when comparing |
| Approach-Approach conflict | only looking at the good things when comparing |
| Avoidance-Approach conflict | Looking at good and bad thing of one thing |
| Double avoidance-approach conflict | Looking at the good and bad things then comparing both things |
| Eustress | good stress |
| Distress | bad stress |
| neustress | Neutral stress |
| General adaption syndrome | three stages of stress adaptation |
| Three stages of stress adaption | Alarm then resistance, then exhaustion |
| Learned helplessness | Repeated exposure to unavoidable stressors |
| Motivation | what drives our actions can either by external or internal |
| Instincts | fixed behavior patterns |
| Drive reduction theory | were motivated to return out body to homeostasis, |
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs | physiological needs must be satisfied first followed by safety love and belonging esteem and self-actualization |
| Expectancy value theory | motivation will be highest if you expect to succeed and if goal is worth it |
| Self determination theory | focuses on competence autonomy and relatedness for intrinsic motivation |
| Opponent process theory | after an initial intense reaction the opposite reaction is triggered and over time can dominate |
| Attitudes | Have Affective, behavioral and cognitive components to them |
| Thomas theorem | If people define situation as real they have real consequences |
| Cognitive dissonance theory | How we resolve conflicts when knowledge don't align with our actions |
| Elaboration likelihood theory | model of persuasion is a dual process theory describing the change of attitudes |
| Central route persuasion | Relies on Reason effective for lasting change but difficult to achieve |
| Peripheral route persuasion | Relies on emotional appeal but creates superficial change |
| Trust vs mistrust | Erikson's life stage up to age 1 |
| Autonomy vs shame/doubt | Erikson's life stage 1-3 |
| Initiative vs guilt | Erikson's life stage 3-6 |
| Industry vs inferiority | Erikson's life stage 6-12 |
| Identity vs role confusion | Erikson's life stage 12-20 |
| Intimacy vs isolation | Erikson's life stage 20-40 |
| Generativity vs stagnation | Erikson's life stage 40-65 |
| Integrity vs despair | Erikson's life stage 65+ |
| Preconventional morality | Kohlberg's stages of moral development, obedience then self interest |
| Conventional morality | Kohlberg's stages of moral development, conformity then law and order |
| Postconventional morality | Kohlberg's stages of moral development, social contract then universal human ethics |
| Id | Psychoanalytic perspective on personality, most basic wants operates on pleasure. |
| Ego | Psychoanalytic perspective on personality, reality principle, navigates wants of id through real world |
| Superego | Psychoanalytic perspective on personality, self critical conscious |
| Regression | Return to an earlier development stage |
| Reaction formation | the tendency of a repressed wish or feeling to be expressed at a conscious level in a contrasting form |
| Displacement | Shifting impulses from an unacceptable to an acceptable target |
| sublimation | Redirection of strong unacceptable desires into a more appropriate behavior |
| Projection | Placing one's own uncomfortable feelings onto other people |
| Rationalization | coming up with excuses for feelings |
| Suppression | consciously disregarding uncomfortable feelings |
| Repression | people push difficult or unacceptable thoughts out of conscious awareness |
| Carl Jung | person who developed collective unconscious containing archetypes such as the persona shadow and anima or animus |
| Behaviorism | Concerned with only observing overt behaviors not speculating about internal states |
| Humanistic psychology | introduced the importance of empathy the idea of unconditional positive regard and a focus on self actualization. |
| Trait theory | Divide personalities into a taxonomy of traits |
| reciprocal determinism | the idea that our relationship shape considered to be not very reliable. |
| Biological perspectives | personality focus on genetic factors |
| Biomedical approach | Describe disease as purely biological |
| biopsychosocial approach | describes disease a a multi factorial phenomenon |
| Major depressive disorder | defined by at least one two week episode of major depression |
| Dysthymia | less severe than MDD but lasts at least 2 years |
| Seasonal affective disorder | depression with a regular seasonal onset |
| Bipolar 1 | characterized by manic episodes and does not require depressive episodes to be diagnosed |
| Bipolar 2 | Characterized by at least one major depressive episode and one or more episodes of hypomania |
| Cyclothymic disorder | involves hypomania but usually less intense depression |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | Involves extremely high levels of stress for everyday routine aspects of life |
| Social anxiety disorder | onset of intense feelings of stress in social situations |
| Illness anxiety disorder | excessive concern about medical conditions in the absence of symptoms |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder | presence of obsessions that can only be quieted temporarily by compulsions |
| Body dysmorphic disorder | Obsessive focus on a perceived flaw in appearance |
| Post traumatic stress disorder | Caused by intense acute trauma, intrusive recollections, avoidance of stimuli related to trauma, negative changes in mood and cognitions, related to the traumatic event and altered patterns of reactivity and arousal. |
| Somatic symptoms disorder | excessive preoccupation with a physical symptoms |
| Conversion disorder | impaired voluntary motor/sensory function with no apparent biological cause |
| Dissociative identity disorder | different personalities at different times within the same individual |
| Dissociative amnesia | retrograde amnesia in which people lose episodic memories of their own lives |
| Depersonalization disorder | disconnection from own existence as if observing oneself. |
| Schizophrenia | mental illness that is characterized by disturbances in thought, perception by a loss of emotional responsiveness and extreme apathy, and by noticeable deterioration in the level of functioning in everyday life |
| Personality disorder | pervasive maladaptive behavior, ego syntonic |
| Cluster A | Paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorder |
| Cluster B | antisocial narcissistic and histrionic and borderline personality disorder |
| Cluster C | avoidant, dependent, and obsessive compulsive personality disorder |
| Parkinson's disease | motor tremors caused by cell death in the substantia nigra and reduced dopamine expression can be induced by dopamine antagonists. |
| Alzheimer's disease | form of dementia with emotional disturbances correlated with beta amyloid plaques and tau protein fibrillary tangles |
| Biological cause of depression | Serotonin and dopamine deficiences, SSRi increase serotonin levels in the brain |
| social facilitation | the finding that people sometimes perform better on tasks when others are around |
| Social loafing | phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when working alone |
| Bystander effect | social psychological theory that states that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when there are other people present |
| Yerkes-dodson law | optimal arousal equals optimal performance |
| Deindividuation | loss of self awareness in groups. low perceived responsibility |
| Group polarization | groups opinions becoming more extreme than those of their individual members due to group dynamics such as informative influence and normative influence |
| groupthink | theory of why groups sometimes make very bad decisions without considering outside ideas |
| Conformity | lining up our behaviors or beliefs with the perspective of others. |
| internalization | completely changing our beliefs for this adjustment |
| Compliance | obeying requests from someone who has no power to enforce them. |
| Identification | middle ground focused on maintaining relationships |
| Solomon asch experiment | people will conform to group pressure even when group is very wrong |
| Obedience | Obeying requests from someone who has the power to enforce them. |
| Social control | How all our norms are taught enforced and perpetuated |
| Formal norms | encoded in laws or regulations and have specific penalties for violating them |
| Informal norms | not written down, unlikely to have fixed penalties for violations |
| Anomie | mismatch between stated norms and the norms an individual responds to, often precedes the breakdown of traditional systems of moral regulation |
| Deviance | not following norms |
| Differential association theory | Learned by association |
| Labeling approach | Deviance increases in frequency in response to being labeled deviant. |
| Primary deviance | acts committed before receiving before receiving the label |
| Secondary deviance | Acts committed after receiving the label |
| Fads | behaviors with intense brief popularity |
| Mass hysteria | irrational overblown response to a perceived threat. effects are more harmful than those of the threat. |
| Dispositional attributions | takes place when a person attributes someone’s behavior to their disposition or personality |
| Situational attributions | the process of attributing someone’s behavior to external factors |
| Collectivistic | favors situational |
| Individualistic | Favors dispositional |
| Attributions | the process by which individuals explain the cause of behavior and events |
| Fundamental attribution error | making preferentially dispositional attributions of other people |
| Actor observer bias | dispositional attributions for others situations attributions for ourselves |
| Self serving bias | making dispositional attributions for our good outcomes and situational attributions for our own poor outcomes |
| Internal and external locus of control | focus on own actions or circumstances to explain life outcomes |
| Halo effect | perceptions of success/attractiveness spill over into our evaluations of people in other domains |
| Just world hypothesis | cognitive error of assuming good outcomes occur in good people and vice versa |
| Prejudice | feelings and attitudes towards people groups or objects |
| Stereotypes | contain specific content( black people like chicken) |
| discrimination | actions taken to treat somebody differently based on their group or demographic category membership and existing prejudices |
| Self fulfilling prophecies | ways in which we alter or sabotage our behavior in response to stereotypes |
| Stereotype threat | situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group |
| Stereotype boost | result from exposure to positive stereotypes, whereas stereotype lift results from exposure to negative stereotypes about another group |
| Stigma | When society strongly disapproves of something |
| Ethnocentrism | Viewing all phenomena through ones own cultural lens |
| Cultural relativism | taking the perspectives of different cultures with different normative behaviors from ones own |
| verbal communication | Literal words that we speak write sign text or otherwise use |
| Non verbal communication | covers everything that is not verbal communication and is a fundamental form of communication for both humans and animals. |
| self discipline | Self presentation, refers to what you disclose to others about yourself. |
| Managing appearances | Self presentation, refers to how you groom yourself how you dress and how you act. |
| Ingratiation | Self presentation, sucking up |
| Aligning actions | self presentation, refers to presenting actions in a light that makes them more appealing in a certain setting |
| Alter casting | Self presentation, projecting an identity onto someone and then create the expectation that he or she should act the way you want. |
| Impression management | we maintain both a front stage and a back stage self, seeking to control how others see us |
| Attraction | Influenced by physical attractiveness proximity and similarity |
| Aggression | often found in hierarchical environments and regulated or restrained by prefrontal cortex |
| attachment | bond between children and their caregivers |
| Secure attachment | only mild distress when caregivers leaves and quickly self regulating and happy on return |
| Ambivalent attachment | intense distress when caregiver leaves followed by mixed signals on return |
| avoidant attachment | no apparent concern for caregiver leaving or returning |
| Disoriented attachment | contradictory and confused behavior both on the caregivers departure and return |
| Altruism | helping other people at some cost to oneself |
| social support | emotional support informational support material support or companionship support |
| Fisherian selection | Preference for physical traits or behaviors that have no use besides attracting mates |
| Game theory | simulating games where all players are acting on incomplete inform action to make choices that affect one another |
| Demographic identity | Identity includes race ethnicity and nationality |
| Gender identity | Identity as a category contains both sex and gender |
| Gender | social construct by which we identity ourselves |
| Looking glass self | Describes the process by which we build conceptions of ourselves by what is reflected back at us about our behavior from others |
| Role playing | putting oneself in the role of others |
| Self-concept | our perception of ourselves |
| Locus of control | whether a person thinks their actions and qualities dictate outcomes or whether their circumstances do |
| Self-efficacy | the degree to which people perceive themselves as having control over their situation and behavior. |
| Social behavior | Affects all human interactions |
| Achieved status | A person had to work to attain |
| Ascribed status | One status that is thrust upon an individual |
| Master status | Overshadows other statuses a person holds |
| Roles | Expectations that come with a certain status |
| role strain | competing demands within a role |
| Role conflict | Competing demands between roles |
| Role exit | Process of disengaging from a role |
| Role engullfment | A role dominates someone's life |
| Primary groups | Long lasting interactions with deep bonds |
| Secondary groups | Short lasting interactions and superficial bonds |
| Peer groups | Self selected and usually consist of people who are largely similar. |
| Family groups | Genetic or non genetic relationships |
| In groups | we identify as members, while out groups are ones we do not belong to |
| Social networks | Include all connections and relationships a person has regardless of type |
| Formal orgainzations | Defined rules for entering and exiting, usually have hierarchies, and will continue to exist independent of any member even all current members |
| Coercive organization | People are forced to join. Like prision |
| Normative organizations | People join because of Shared ideals and goals. Like volunteering |
| Utilitarian organization | People join for rewards or money. Like a job |
| Weber's ideal burearcracy | Hierarchical structure well defined roles responsbilities and chains of command, organized by specialization, and merit based recruitment employment and promotion |
| Iron law of oligarchy | Decision making will be taken over by a few people |
| Microsociology | Small scale sociology |
| Macrosociology | Large scale sociology |
| Functionalism | Components of society all perform a function work together as a whole |
| Manifest functions | Intended functions |
| Latent functions | Hidden functions |
| Dysfunctions | Harmful functions |
| Conflict theory | Social groups compete for resources |
| Symbolic interactionsism | interactions using shared symbols |
| Rational choice theory | People choose actions to achieve preferences based on pros and cons of each device |
| Social exchange theory | Social interactions as exchanges with costs and benefits |
| Feminist theory | Understanding and remedying gender injustices |
| Hidden curriculum | habits values and norms imparted without being an explicit part of the curriculum |
| Segregation | separation and unequal distribution of people by race ethnicity or other demographic factors |
| Stratification | Division of society into layers of socioeconomic status |
| Kinship | Descent vs affinity |
| Primary kin | Related or very closely bonded |
| Secondary kin | primary kin of primary kin |
| Tertiary kin | Secondary kin of primary kin or primary kin of secondary kin |
| Religiosity | The measure of how religious someone is. |
| Religious organizations | Churches denominations sects and cults |
| Secularization | Less belief in religion and its institutions |
| Fundamentalism | uncompromising literalism |
| Medicalization | Social construction of illnesses |
| The sick role | Rights and responsibilities granted to a sick individual |
| Paternalism | Doc not letting patients make their own decisions or deliberately underinforming them |
| Beneficence | Acting in a patient's best interest |
| Nonmaleficence | Doing no harm |
| Patient autonomy | Patients have the right to make their own medical decisions |
| Justice | Duty to provide equal care to all |
| Illness experiance | Is the illness as a social construct from the afflicted individual perspective |
| Epidemiology | Interested in the patterns of illness in a pop |
| Social epidemiology | Focus on how social factors contribute to illness and health |
| material culture | physical artifacts |
| Symbolic culture | non physical artifacts (beliefs, values, rituals, symbols) |
| Subcultures | groups of people within a larger cultural framework with differing practices, norms, or values |
| Mass media | radio, tv, newspapers, magazines, and the internet. Causes broad diffusion |
| Popular culture | mass media allows centralization and standardization of culture |
| Culture lag | delay between changes happening and cultural integration |
| Culture shock | disorienting experience of immersion in a new culture |
| Assimilation | integration into the predominant culture |
| Multiculturalism | preservation of cultures |
| Cultural transmission | Cultural elements transferred over time |
| Cultural diffusion | Transfer between different cultures |
| Racialization | imposing a racial identity |
| racial formation theory | use of racialization for political/ social goals |
| Stage 1 | Demographic transition model: high death rate, high birth rate |
| Stage 2 | Demographic transition model: decreasing death rate, high birth rate |
| Stage 3 | Demographic transition model: Slowly decreasing death rate, decreasing birth rate |
| Stage 4 | Demographic transition model: Low birth and death rate |
| World systems theory | Created for understanding globalization |
| Core nations | high-skill labor requiring extensive capital investment |
| Peripheral nations | lower skilled labor and natural resources |
| Semi-peripheral nations | Between core nations and peripheral nations |
| Urban decay/renewal | Economic changes to urban core areas |
| Gentification | displacement usually by economic factors or poorer local residents as an area becomes more affluent |
| Class systems | Defined largely based on income mobility possible |
| Caste systems | Defined by heredity |
| Financial capital | relationship with and ability to influence situations with money |
| Social capital | Social contacts and networking |
| Cultural capital | Prestigious signals defined by financial stability relationship to money, and ability to handle to achieve tasks and influence situations with money |
| Class consciousness | awareness of class interactions |
| False consciousness | Adopting goals of another class |
| Power | ability to directly get things done |
| Prestige | Signals that appear to correlate with power |
| Privilege | Favorable assumptions or advantage s due to features such as race sex and hotness |
| Intersectionality | experiences of an individual are more than the sum of components demographics |
| Absolute poverty | Insufficient means to provide the basic means of survival |
| Relative poverty | Poorer than the surrounding area |
| Marginal poverty | Caused by a lack of stable employment |
| Structural poverty | Caused and enforced by overall economic structure |
| Residential segregation | Clustering of demographic groups based on housing |
| Social reproduction | passing of social status from generation to generation |
| Global inequalities | differences between countries |
| Prevelance | How many people in a pop have a condition at a given time |
| Incidence | How many individuals in a population are newly diagnosed with target thing over a period of time |
| Inter-generational mobility | The ability for successive generations to rise or fall in status or class |
| Intra generational mobility | Events within a person's lifetime that change their status or class |
| Vertical mobility | A rise or fall in income |
| Horizontal mobility | Keeping the same income but in a different occupation |
| Meritocracy | Promotion, advancement and success are based on an individual capabilities |
| Mimetic organization | attempt to copy another organization. |
| Egocentric bias | tendency to over stress changes between past and present in order to make oneself appear more worthy or competent than one actually is. |
| Framing bias | The way an option is presented to a person will change how they feel about it and influence their likelihood to make a particular choice |
| Automation bias | Tendency to excessively depend on automated systems which can lead to erroneous automated information overriding correct decisions. |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | Constricts pupils |
| Sympathetic nervous system | Dilates pupils |
| Weber's law of stimuli | the idea that there is a linear relationship between the intensity of a stimuli and an individuals ability to detect it |
| Ratio level of measurement | Range of quantitative measures ordered at equally spaced intervals, the answer 0 is possible |
| nominal level of measurement | Data can not be arranged into an ordering scheme. Categories only |
| Ordinal level of measurement | Categories are ordered but differences can't be found or are meaningless |
| Interval level of measurement | Differences are meaningful but there is no natural 0 starting point and ratios are meaningless |
| Confabulation | making up memories to fill in gaps then believing these are true memories. |
| Implicit attitudes | Internal unconscious attitudes |
| Explicit attitudes | External conscious attitudes |
| recency effect | The event in which people remember the last words in a list more than the words in the middle |
| Sympathetic nervous system | norepinephrine is apart of what nervous system. |
| kinesthetic system | system that focuses on balance and the person's sense of body in the world |
| Theory of mind | Theory that involves taking the other person's mind into account. |
| empathy | Theory involves being able to understand another person and relate to that person's experience |
| Tactile perception | Involves perceiving information related to touch, not an activity which requires observation and understanding of others |
| Stage 3 | Sleep walking and bed wetting occur in what stage of sleep |
| Affect Heuristic | The process of making a judgment based on emotions that are evoked |
| false alarm | participant incorrectly responded positively when the stimulus was not present. |
| context effect | influence of environmental characteristics on a person's perception of a stimulus. |
| miss | stimulus was present on the list but the participant did not recognize it. |
| stimulus motives | motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation such as curiosity. |
| Stanley milgram | contributed the obedience experiment. |
| Bf skinner | contributed to behaviorism and conditioning studies. |
| informative pressure | individual conforms behavior to match that of the rest of a group out of the belief that the group is better informed and knows more than the individual. |
| normative pressure | individual knows that others are incorrect but still feels pressure to not dissent from the rest of the group. |
| Schacter-singer | emotion based on physiological stimulus with context. Processing the context creates emotion. |
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