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Ch 3 Physics
Structure of Matter
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an atom? | the smallest particle of matter that has all the properties of an element |
| What particles are smaller than the atom? | subatomic particles |
| What are the fundamental particles of an atom? | electron, proton, neutron |
| What does the atom consist of? | empty space |
| What determines the chemical element? | the number of protons |
| What is the atomic mass number of an electron? | zero |
| What are the particles in the nucleus called? | nucleons |
| What are the two types of nucleons contained in the nucleus? | protons and neutrons |
| What does the shell arrangement tell us about an atom? | how it reacts chemically; how it combines with other atoms to form molecules |
| What do the shells represent? | different electron binding energies or energy levels |
| The closer an electron is to the nucleus... | the greater its binding energy |
| What is the normal state of an atom? | electrically neutral, charge is zero |
| What is ionization? | the removal of an orbital electron from an atom |
| If an atom has an extra electron or has had an electon removed, it is said to be what? | ionized |
| The maximum number of electrons that can exist in each shell increases with what? | the distance of the shell from the nucleus |
| How can the electron limit per shell be calculated? | octet rule, 2n² |
| What does the "n" stand for in the octet rule formula? | principal quantum number or shell number |
| What is the most electrons contained in the outer most shell? | eight |
| What is the most electrons contained in the inner most shell? | two |
| How many electron shells are there? | seven |
| What is the first shell referred to as? | K |
| What is the last shell referred to as? | Q |
| What is the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom equal to? | it's group in the periodic table |
| What does the number of electrons in the outermost shell determine? | the valence of an atom |
| What is the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom equal to? | its period in the periodic table |
| What is the force that keeps an electron in orbit? | centripetal, the inward pull |
| The strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus is referred to as what? | electron binding energy |
| The more closer an electron is to the nucleus,and the greater the total number of electrons in an atom, the... | more tightly it is bound |
| Which shell has the highest binding energy? | K-shell |
| How do two atoms that are attracted to each other result in an ionic bond? | they have opposite electrostatic charges |
| What is the emission of particles and energy in order to become stable refer to? | radioactivity |
| The time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to one-half its orginal value refers to what? | half-life |
| What is electricity? | the flow of electrons |
| What is electrical energy? | work that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference (voltage) |
| What what is used to convert electric energy into thermal energy? | kinetic energy of molecules and is closely related to temperature (heat) |
| What is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy? | a motor by passing a coil or loop of wire through a magnetic field |
| What is used to convert mechanical energy into electric energy? | a generator is used to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy |
| What is centrifugal force? | the outward push or flying out from the center force so electrons maintain their distance from the nucleus while traveling in a circular or elliptical path |
| The further electrons are from the nucleus the lower their electron binding energy but they possess what? | higher kinetic energy |
| The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleaus of an atom is called: | atomic mass number, symbolized by "A", always a whole number |
| In the neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. What is the number of protons called? | atomic number, represented by "Z" |
| Atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers are: | isotopes |
| Atoms of various elements may combine to form what kind of structures? | molecules |
| Atoms that have the same atomic number and the same atomic mass number are referred to as: | isomers |
| Any quantity of one type of molecule is a chemical: | compound |
| Hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen compose what percentage of the human body? | 95 (over) |
| Water molecules make up what percentage of the human body? | 80 (approximately) |
| What is the chemical union, between atoms, that is formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons? | covalent bond |
| What is the bonding that occurs because of an electrostatic force (attraction of opposite charges) between ions? | ionic bond |
| To reach stability, the nucleus spontaneously emits particles and energy and transforms itself into another atom. What is this process called? | radioactive disintegration |
| Any nucleus that emits radiation is referred to as: | radionuclides |
| The emission of particles and energy in order to become stable is referred to as: | radioactivity |
| Radioactive decay results in the emission of what? | alpha particles, beta particles, and usually gamma rays |
| What are the two classifications of ionizing radiation? | particulate, electromagnetic |
| What types of radiation are used in diagnostic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging? | nonionizing |
| What are the two main types of particulate radiation? | alpha particles, beta particles |
| What are the two forms of electromagnetic ionizing radiation of radiologic interest? | x-rays, gamma rays |
| A helium nucleus that contains two protons and two neutrons. | alpha particle |
| An electron emitted from the nucleus of a radionactive atom. | beta particle |
| What type of radiation is most important in nuclear medicine? | beta and gamma |
| What type of radiation is most important in radiography? | only x-rays |
| What is the difference between x-rays and gamma rays? | their origin |
| What type of radiation is emitted from the nucleus of radioisotopes? | gamma rays; usually associated with alpha or beta emission |
| What type of radiation is produced outside the nucleus in the electron shells? | x-rays |
| X-rays and gamma rays are often referred to as what? | photons; they have no mass/charge; they travel at the speed of light, constant; have unlimited range in matter |
| Photon radiation loses intensity with distance but theoretically never does what? | reaches zero |
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sunshineb
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