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chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acid | molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| adhesion | attraction between water molecules and other molecules |
| aliphatic hydrocarbon | hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms |
| anion | negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons |
| pH scale | scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution |
| atom | the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element |
| atomic mass | calculated mean of the mass number for an element’s isotopes: protons +nuetrons |
| atomic number | total number of protons in an atom |
| base | molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution |
| buffer | substance that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions |
| polar covalent bond | type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal electron sharing, resulting in creating slightly positive and negative charged molecule regions |
| cation | positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons |
| chemical bond | interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in forming molecules |
| chemical reaction | process leading to rearranging atoms in molecules |
| chemical reactivity | the ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other |
| cohesion ace tension | intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surf |
| compound | substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements |
| covalent bond | type of strong bond formed between two atoms of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms |
| dissociation | release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original,release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original, |
| electrolyte | ion necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance |
| electron | a negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative charge |
| electron configuration | arrangement of electrons in an atom’s electron shell (for example, 1s22s22p6) |
| electron orbital | how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where we are most likely to find an electron |
| electronegativity | ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms |
| enantiomers | molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other |
| functional group | group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton |
| geometric isomer | molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other |
| hydrocarbon | molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen |
| hydrogen bond | weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules |
| hydrophilic | describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water |
| hydrophobic | describes uncharged nonpolar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as in water |
| inert gas (also, noble gas) | element with filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms |
| ion | atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons |
| ionic bond | chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions) |
| isomers | molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula |
| isotope | one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| litmus paper (also, pH paper) | filter paper treated with a natural water-soluble dye that changes its color as the pH of the environment changes in order to use it as a pH indicator |
| lmass number | total number of protons and neutrons in an atom |
| matter | anything that has mass and occupies space |
| proton | positively charged particle that resides in the atom's nucleus; has a mass of one amu and a charge of +1 |
Created by:
ralexander
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