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Euro dates
| Date | Event | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| 1453 | Gutenberg is making the printing press | Faster spread of information; condensation of dialects; increase in literacy and education; aided ML's doctrine |
| 1453 | Constantinople falls to the Turks | end of the byzantine empire; removed buffer between ottomans and western europe |
| 1492 | Columbus lands in New World | started global colombian exchange network; established contact between native civilizations and europe; |
| 1492 | Spain completes the Reconquista and ousts Jews and Moors | began centuries-long trend of unacceptance to jews; weakened spain's power and economy |
| 1513 | Machiavelli wrote The Prince ( compare to Christian Humanist Erasmus and secular Castiglione ) | book detailing machiavelli's perspective on how one should run a country; emphasized stability and peace as first priority; erasmus focused on morality and castiglione on the ideal renaissance man |
| 1517 | Martin Luther posts the 95 Theses in Wittenberg Germany | began the protestant reformation; listed 95 problems he saw with the church |
| 1534 | King Henry Vill passes the Act of Supremacy | made the king of england head of the anglican church; allowed henry viii to divorce and remarry; took power away from the papacy |
| 1534 | Jesuits created | created in response to the protestant reformation; spread christianity to colonies/the new world; created schools and chapels to convert non-christians |
| 1545 | Council of Trent begins | created by pope Paul III to organize the catholic counter-reformation; main focus was on reforming and reconciling with protestants; continued to meet until 1563 |
| 1545 | John Calvin preaches in Geneva | john calvin created calvinism; preached to followers about predestination and protestantism; first built his main following in switzerland |
| 1555 | HRE Charles V Habsburg agrees to the Peace of Augsburg | aimed to bring peace to the HRE; recognized lutheranism as an official religion; allowed individual feudal rulers to decide the religion of their territory; created lots of religious refugees |
| 1588 | Elizabeth I Tudor ( politique ) defeats Philip II of Spain's ( Habsburg ) Spanish Armada 1598 | Philip II wanted to marry elizabeth I of england to make it christian; when refused he attacked and was defeated by a mixture of fortuna and virtu |
| 1627 | Dutch Golden Age | Dutch experience economic prosperity due to their mercantilist policy, shipping companies and exports |
| 1627 | Baroque art flourishes | art was tense, emotional, dramatic, often religious, appealed to the senses |
| 1633 | Inquisition puts Galileo on trial in Rome | galileo put on trial on behalf of the church for his book about physics and astronomy and specifically heliocentrism; he recanted his ideas but continued writing about them later |
| 1633 | Descartes' math + Bacon's empiricism = Scientific Method | bacon used empiricism, the practice of using direct observations to make hypotheses; decartes used math and deductive reasoning rather than relying on imprecise sensory observations; both theories came together into the modern scientific method |
| 1648 | Treaty of Westphalia ends 30 Years ' War & solidifies Elbe Trieste Line | fought between different religions in the HRE and europe's powers; ended the war and recognized independence of 300 local rulers as well as austria and switzerland; made peace of augsburg permanent |
| 1648 | Fronde revolts threaten young Louis XIV | nobles of the robe rose up against the monarchy; crushed by Louis XIV and partly cause his absolutist goals |
| 1651 | Mercantilist English Navigation Acts | required goods to be transported on english ships; benefitted english commerce but worsened conditions of commoners |
| 1651 | Hobbes ' Leviathan | outlined hobbes' social contract theory in which society relies on a sovereign authority to keep peace and order; believed population does not have the right to revolt |
| 1689 | English Bill of Rights follows the Glorious Revolution ( 88 ) > Constitutional Monarchy | Charles II and James II followed Oliver Cromwell, made a secret deal with Louis XIV to become Catholic; parliament + the people rise up and replace James with William and Mary of Orange; create a constitutional monarchy |
| 1689 | John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government | detailed Locke's social contract theory that the people trust the govt to protect life liberty and property; people can rise up if not satisfied with govt |
| 1713 | Pragmatic Sanction in Austria | allowed a female ruler of the Habsburg empire so that Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa could inherit; later broken by Frederick II of Prussia |
| 1713 | Peace of Utrecht ends War of Spanish Succession | ended a war between france and the grand alliance (En, Ne, Au, Pr); stopped the spanish and french crowns from being united; redrew borders of western europe |
| 1713 | Peter 1 Romanov moves his capital to St. Petersburg as Louis XIV is dying | Peter I tried to westernize + centralize russia by moving his capital and forcing nobles to live there for part of the year; similar to Louis XIV's absolutism |
| 1713 | Age of Enlightenment begins | emphasis on rational thought, progress, human rights, science; step away from previous renaissance beliefs |
| 1756 | Diplomatic Rev. leads to 7 Years' War | Maria Theresa cedes Silesia to Prussia, wants to regain it again so allies with France and Russia; leads to reversal of long-standing alliances between countries |
| 1756 | Agricultural Rev. population & illegitimacy explosion begin | birth rates rise while death rates fall due to more abundance of food and higher child survival rates |
| 1776 | Classical Liberal Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations | outlined Smith's economic beliefs of laissez faire capitalism |
| 1776 | Declaration of Independence begins American Revolution | pitted countries against each other; partly caused the french revolution |
| 1776 | Watt steam engine | marks the height of the industrial revolution; allows for more complex and faster machinery as well as several key inventions |
| 1789 | French Revolution begins | fueled by enlightenment beliefs; temporarily ended monarchial rule in France |
| 1795 | Final partition of Poland by Enl . Despots (Austrian Habsburgs, Prussian Hohenzollerns, Russian Romanovs) | Prussia, Russia, and Austria split Poland between them 3 times until it was no longer on the map |
| 1799 | Napoleon comes to power in France | gained widespread popularity following chaos of the french revolution takes control by vote; makes himself 1st consul of the republic; used republican elections but was really a dictator |
| 1815 | English Enclosure completes rural proletarization | took communal land and made it private; created lots of landless proletariat migrating to industrial cities |
| 1815 | Dual Rev. merge | French and industrial revs merge together; industrial rev started in Britain and French in French |
| 1815 | Age of Metternich begins the Concert of Europe | Metternich's conservatism vs radicalism, liberalism, socialism; general period of relative peace as leaders agreed to maintain balance of power, border, etc.; stopped by outbreak of the Crimean War |
| 1830 | Another Fr Rev. (1834 Zollverein) | French middle-class overthrow Charles X and replace him with Louis Phillipe; eventually overthrown again in 1848 |
| 1830 | Greek & Belgian Independence | Belgium secedes from the Netherlands; supported by France which is enemies with Netherlands; Greeks cultivate nationalism + break away from Ottoman Empire; supported by Britain, France, Russia for love of Greek culture and opposition to the Ottomans |
| 1830 | failed Polish Rev. | uprising of Polish citizens against Russian rule; after partition of Poland (poland no longer an actual country) |
| 1830 | Rocket Train | Symbol of the industrial revolution; railroads sped up economies and made them national instead of local; also made transportation faster |
| 1848 | Revolutions everywhere but England & Russia end the Age of Metternich | Revolutions in France, South America, North America, Ireland, Austria, Prussia/Germany; France began + influenced the others; ultimately most failed but brought about new ideas evolutions of liberalism, socialism, nationalism; rise of romanticism |
| 1848 | Marx/Engels' The Communist Manifesto | Book outlining Marxist communism; calls for a violent uprising of the proletariat; gains followers but not put into practice until 20th century |
| 1848 | Realism replaces romanticism | Focus on representing objective perspective vs glorifying and dramatic; partly because of disillusionment after 1848 revs |
| 1848 | Positivist philosophy popularizes in the Victorian Era | optimistic view focused on progress originating from Henri Saint-Simon; also connected with utopian socialism + government planning + morality |
| 1861 | Unification of Italy by Realpolitik Cavour | -Cavour makes a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria, betrayed, gains Napoleon back again -nationalistic revolts unify northern Italy under Victor Emmanuel; Garibaldi unites South except Rome -North + South become a constitutional monarchy |
| 1861 | Tsar Alexander II of Russia freed the serfs | due to slow pace of industrialization and fear of political uprising + part of Westernization |
| 1871 | Unification of Germany by Realpolitik Bismarck | -Allies with Austria against Denmark then turns on Austria -Unifies southern German states against France + makes a new German Empire - taints relationship between Germany + France for centuries |
| 1871 | Scramble for Africa begins | countries race to colonize Africa; use social Darwinism and ‘civilizing mission’ to justify; started by Belgium |
| 1899 | Boxer Rebellion | anti-foreign reaction in China led by the Boxers; crushed by western armies |
| 1899 | Boer War | War between Belgians in the Congo and French colonizers in Southern Africa |
| 1899 | Dreyfus Affair | wrongful accusation of a Jewish army officer, exposed tension between the church and the state and shows anti-semitic beliefs of the time |
| 1899 | Rudyard Kipling's White Man's Burden | Justification of colonization of other races; argued they were helping + making them more civilized |
| 1914 | Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated to spark WWI total warfare | Franz Ferdinand heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian revolutionary; causes war to break out in the balkans then eventually all the other countries join due to alliances or enemies |
| 1917 | Bolshevik Revolution pulls Russia out of WWI | Red Army rises up against old regime led by Lenin and Trotsky; leads to the rise of the communist Soviet Union; Brest-Litovsk treaty gives a large amount of Russian territory to Germany |
| 1919 | Treaty of Versailles tries to settle WWI | Woodrow Wilson presents 14 points calling for open diplomacy, freedom of trade, national self-determination, etc.; not successful as these goals were never realized |
| 1919 | Age of Anxiety Begins | period between the end of WWI and the start of WWII; characterized by Stalinist terror, Mussolini + Hitler totalitarianism, appeasement |
| 1919 | Weimar Republic established in Germany | |
| 1929 | Stock Market crash sparks Great Depression while Stalin's 5 Year Plan of Collectivization under way | Stock market crash in the USA severely drops economy; spreads to germany because of loans to pay of guilt clause debt; Soviet Union going through collectivization of agriculture; kulaks (better-off peasants) sent to labor camps |
| 1939 | Nazi Soviet nonaggression pact and Fascist Hitler invades Poland to start WWII | Pact agreed that Soviets and Germany would not interfere in each other’s wars to avoid a WW; included secret clause to divide Poland between them |
| 1945 | Atomic bombs end WWII | USA Drops 2 Atomic bombs on Japan; marks victory of US over Japan |
| 1945 | United Nations created | Created at the end of WWII to ensure world security after League of Nations failed |
| 1945 | Cold War begins and decolonization spreads | Long period of tension between US and USSR without open combat for fear of atomic bombs; uncertainty about Western superiority and imbalance in Western systems causes colonized people to push back + gain independence |
| 1945 | Keynesian economics | Keynesian economics advocates for more government intervention in the country’s economy but not fully to the point of socialism; eventually fails as Margaret Thatcher and Reagan pull govt out of the economy |
| 1945 | Baby Boom begins | Lots of people start having lots of babies |
| 1949 | NATO & COMECON formed | Economic organizations formed by West + East blocs; COMECON a response to Marshall Plan + NATO being created |
| 1949 | Berlin Airlift ends | |
| 1949 | Economic Miracle begins | |
| 1949 | China goes Communist under Mao | Result of a civil war in China between communists + authoritarianists |
| 1949 | Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex | Inspired feminist movements; encouraged women to stop being the ‘other’ gender + be more assertive |
| 1957 | Khrushchev de-stalinizes | |
| 1957 | Sputnik launches the Space Race | Sparks competition between US + SU for multiple goals; increases cold war tension even more |
| 1957 | the supranational Treaty of Rome turns the ECSC into the Common Market European Economic Community ( EC or EEC ) | United its 6 countries economies with reduced tariffs, urging trade, encouraged movement of capital |
| 1961 | Berlin Wall was built | Khrushchev tightens border control with Germany; stops East German citizens from moving to West Germany |
| 1961 | US enters Vietnam | |
| 1961 | Second Vatican Council | modernized christianity |
| 1968 | Soviets crush the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia | Led by Dubcek in Czechoslovakia; started with small student protests then spread; attempted to reform communism to be more humane; crushed by Soviet invasion |
| 1968 | student protests in Paris | |
| 1968 | Economic Miracle ends | |
| 1979 | Pope John Paul II visits Poland | Inspired revolts and creation of Solidatiry |
| 1979 | Soviets invade Afghanistan | Shows the waning of detente and increase of tension |
| 1979 | Détente wanes | Policy of trying to relax Cold War tension; tension rose again |
| 1979 | neoliberal Margaret Thatcher reacts to stagflation | Used hayeks economics and reduced govt intervention in economy to shift away from Keynesian; made her unpopular |
| 1979 | Green Party founded | Political party focused on environmental change; gains some traction in several countries |
| 1979 | Iranian Revolution | |
| 1989 | Revolutions led to the fall of the Soviet Eastern bloc | Start in Poland then spread; establish democracies and use economic shock therapy |
| 1989 | the fall of the Berlin wall leads to German reunification | Kohl uses economic promises to get East Germans to migrate and eventually unify germany |
| 1991 | Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost fail and the Soviet Union collapses | Policies of relaxing totalitarian socialism and giving more freedom of the press; goes too far and allows Yeltsin to lead a coup and take over |
| 1993 | Maastricht Treaty creates the single market EU ( European Union ) | |
| 1999 | NATO gets involved in the Kosovo Conflict in Yugoslavia | Try to keep the peace but eventually fail and Yugoslavia splits up |
| 1999 | Euro phased in as EU currency | Unites European economies and decreases chances of another WW because of economic dependence |
| 1999 | Putin comes to power | Reinstates many Stalinist practices and glorifies Russian history |
| 2004 | EU expands to include ten more , mostly former eastern bloc , countries | |
| 2016 | BrExit | Britain exits the EU |
| 1598 | Henry IV Bourbon (politique) issues the Edict of Nantes; Louis XIV revokes in 1685 | makes christianity the official religion of France but allows for individual pockets of Huguenots (French Calvinists); restored peace and stability to the country |
| 1627 | Cardinal Richelieu sieges La Rochelle | port city of Huguenots due to the Edict of Nantes; growing too independent so taken over on order from Louis XIV |
| 1651 | Oliver Cromwell's Roundheads in Parliament win the English Civil War | James I and Charles I refused to call parliament; raise an army which is defeated by parliament + oliver cromwell; becomes leader of a commonwealth in theory but dictator in reality |
| 1832 | 1832 Reform Bill in England | increased voting rights in England especially in industrial areas; made house of commons more influential than house of lords; |
| 1953 | Crimean War | |
| 1945 | Yalta Conference | Meeting between Roosevelt Churchill and Stalin; agree on Germany’s unconditional surrender and plan for after WWII |
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