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Chapter 19
Pediatric Pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aspiration | when foreign objects are swallowed into the air passages of the bronchial tree; most likely right bronchus because of size and angle of divergence |
| Asthma | airways are narrowed by stimuli that do not affect the airways in normal lungs; labored breathing, increased mucus in the lungs |
| Atelectasis | collaspse of all or portion of a lung because of obstruction of bronchus or puncture |
| Bronchiectasis | widening of bronchi due to acute infection of congenital abnormality |
| Croup | narrowing of upper airway resulting in labored breathing, harsh, dry cough |
| Cystic Fibrosis | inherited disease which results in heavy mucous which clog's bronchi, bronchioles |
| Meconium ileus | type of intestinal obstruction caused by this thick type of mucous |
| Meconium | a dark green secretion of the liver and intestinal glands mixed with some amniotic fluid |
| Meconium Aspiration | during birth fetus under stress passes meconium stools during into amniotic fluid and inhales it into the lungs; causes airway to collapse causing rupture; pneumothorax or atelectasis |
| Epiglottitis | bacterial infection of the epiglottitis; blockage of the airway caused by swelling; a serious condition that can rapidly become fatal (within hours of onset); exam done in upright position by a specialist |
| Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD) | now called respiritory distress syndrome (RDS); alveoli and capillaries are injured or infected resulting in leakage of fluid or blood into lung spaces |
| Neoplasia | formation of tumor/neoplasm in the respiratory tract |
| Pneumonia | accumulation of fluid within the lungs |
| Pneumothorax | air in the pleural spaces causing partial or total collapse of the lung; may be caused by trauma or a pathologic condition |
| Pneumomediastinum | air leaks from the air sacs into the soft tissue between the lung and heart |
| Diaphragmatic Hernia | a tear in the diaphragm which results in protrusion of abdominal contents through the diaphragm and into the lungs |
| Congenital goiter | an enlarged thyroid at birth caused by an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) or an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) |
| Cretinism | Hypothyroidism; slow bone growth or possible drawfism |
| Neonatal Graves' disease | Hyperthyroidism in adults; inherited from mom with Graves' disease; life-threatening; enlarged thyroid can press against the airway and close it causing difficult breathing; eyes protrude |
| Craniostenosis | deformity of the skull caused by premature closure of skull structures; most common is sagittal suture |
| Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) | older term is congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH); femoral hip is separated by the acetabulum; Ultrasound used to confirm; Pavlik Harness is used |
| Hydrocephalus | enlarged ventricles from which the cerebrospinal fluid produced in the ventricles cannot drain; results in pressure buildup and overall enlargement of the head; shunts inserted into brain to alleviate pressure and fluid from the brain |
| Idiopathic Juvenile Osteoporosis | bone becomes less dense and fragile |
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | hereditary disorder where bones are abnormally soft and fragile |
| Osteomyelitis | infection of a long bone |
| Osteochondrodysplasia | hereditary disorder in which bones grow abnormally, most of which cause dwarfism or short stature |
| Achondroplasia | short limbed dwarfism, bone formation decreased at growth plates; usually affects upper and lower limbs, not torso |
| Osteopetrosis | hereditary condition; results in an increase in bone density; usually present with skull abnormalities; common in African Americans; marble bone |
| Osteochondromas/Osteochondrosis | affects the epiphyseal or growth plates of long bones; results in excessive bone growth protrusions extending from bone; very painful; deformities and abnormal bone growth |
| Legg Calves Perthes disease | abnormal bone growth at the hip (head and neck) of the femur; results in a flattened head and later appears fragmented; overweight children ages 5-10yrs |
| Kohler's bone disease | causes inflammation of bone and cartilage of the navicular bone of the foot; common in males 3-5yrs |
| Osgood Schlatter's disease | inflammation of the tibial tuberosity (patella tendon attachment); results in a wearing away of the bone in this region; common in males 5-10yrs |
| Osteomalacia (Rickets) | condition in which developing bones do not harden or calcify causing skeletal deformities; common sign is bowing legs or "Blount's disease) |
| Spina Bifida | posterior aspect of the vertebrae fails to develop exposing part of the spinal cord; ultrasound used to diagnose before birth |
| Spina Bifida Occulta | mild form of SB resulting in some defect or splitting of the posterior arch of L5 - S1; no protrusion of meninges or spinal cord |
| Meningocele | severe form of SP; results in protrusion of the meninges through the undeveloped opening of the vertebrae; creates a cerebrospinal fluid filled bulge under the skin called a meningocele |
| Myelocele | most severe case of SP; both meninge and spinal cord protrude from the vertebrae |
| Talipes (Clubfoot) | congenital deformity of the foot |
| Talipes Varus | inward, medial turning of foot (walk on outer portion of foot) |
| Talipes Valgus | outward, lateral turning of foot (walk on inner portion of foot) |
| Talipes Equinus | foot plantar flexed (walk on tippy toes) |
| Talipes Calcaneus | foot dorsiflexed (walk on heel) |
| Bone Tumors | most common Ewing's Sarcoma cancer in children 10-18yrs |
| Atresias | an opening to an organ is absent (Ex: anal, biliary, esophageal, duodenal, mitral, tricuspid atresia's) |
| Hypospadias | congenital condition in males when the opening of the urethra is to the underside of the penis |
| Hirschsprung's disease | condition of large intestine where nerves controlling rhythmic contractions are missing; results in severe constipation |
| Inflammatory Bowel disease | chronic inflammation of the intestines |
| Crohn's disease | an infection of either small or large intestine or both |
| Ulcerative Colitis | involves only the large intestive; starts in the rectum or sigmoid |
| Intussusception | obstruction caused by the telescoping of a loop of intestine into another loop |
| Volvulus | an obstruction caused by the twisting of the intestine itself; corkscrew |
| Ileus | obstruction caused by lack of contractile movement of the intestinal wall |
| Necrotizing Enterocolitis | inflammation of the intestine due to injury or inflammatory disease; results in bowel death if not treated promptly |
| Pyloric Stenosis | narrowing or blocking at the pylorus or stomach outlet; occurs in infants resulting in constant vomiting |
| Neuroblastoma | malignant cancer in parts of the nervous system; frequently the adrenal gland; 2nd most common in children |
| Wilm's tumor | a cancer of the kidneys; typically involves only one kidney; most common abdominal cancer in infants or children younger than 5yrs |
| Polyscystic Kidney disease | inherited condition when many cysts form in the kidney causing enlargement |
| Pyelonephritis | a bacterial infection caused by urinary reflux (back-up of urine from bladder into kidney) |
| Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) | caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi; involves the bladder and urethra; common cause is vesicoureteral reflux; most common in males but after age 1 more common in females |
| Vesicoureteral Reflux | a backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys increasing the chance of spreading infection |
| Pyelonephritis | bacterial infection of the kidneys caused by vesicoureteral reflux |
| Hematuria | blood in urine |
| Hepatitis | infection of the liver |
| Hepatomegaly | enlargment of the liver |
| Hydronephrosis | enlarged kidney distended with urine; caused by obstruction of urine |
| Horseshoe Kidney | the two kidneys are joined together at their lower pelves |
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