Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
PATHO TEST 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Consists of the brain and spinal cord | Central Nervous System (CNS) |
| Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of spinal nerves | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| Neurons that carry signal towards the CNS | Afferent neurons |
| Neurons that carry signal away from the CNS | Efferent neurons |
| System that supplies striated skeletal muscles | Somatic |
| System that supplies smooth, cardiac, and glandular epithelial tissue | Autonomic |
| Inner surface attaching to brain and spinal cord | Pia mater |
| Delicate cobweb like membrane | Arachnoid membrane |
| Tough outermost covering | Dura Mater |
| what is the basic unit of the nervous system | neuron |
| What is the axon insulated by? | Myelin sheath |
| what is the conduction route? | reflex arch |
| What is a synapse? | how impulses travel through |
| Best modality to evaluate the nervous system? | MRI |
| the loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word | aphasia |
| lowered level of consciousness | lethargy |
| painful condition of the nerves | neuropathy |
| paralysis on one side of the body | hemiplegia |
| weakness on one side of the body | hemiparesis |
| difficulty speaking | dysarthria |
| altered state of consciousness after an epileptic seizure | postictal |
| protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord | meninges |
| nerve cells | neurons |
| a concentration of nerve cell bodies | gray matter |
| axons connecting different parts of gray | white matter |
| Acute inflammation of the pia mater & arachnoid; bacterial and viral, treated with immediate broad-spectrum antibiotics followed by specific antibiotics based of culture results | Meningitis |
| Which meningitis is more common and more dangerous? | bacterial |
| Viral inflammation of the brain & meninges (30% happen in children) that produce HA, fever, seizures, and even coma; treated with brain biopsy | Encephalitis |
| Most common primary malignant brain tumor, consists of glial cells (supportive connective tissue); is spread by direct extension & can cross hemispheres; peak age of 30+ | Glioma |
| Type of glioma that is the most common (70%); also is slow growing | Astrocyte |
| Type of glioma that arises from the 4th ventricle in children & lateral ventricles in adults which originates from ventricle or spine cord lining | Ependymomas |
| Type of glioma that is a slow growing lesion that arise in the cerebrum; originates from cells that produce myelin | Oligodendrocytes |
| A common type of a rapidly growing pineal tumors include germinomas and ______ which is a hypodense mass with internal calcifications; occurs in males younger than 25 | Teratoma |
| Caused by acute ARTERIAL bleeding and most commonly form over the parieto-temporal convexity (blood between dura mater and skull) | epidural hematoma |
| Reflect VENOUS bleeding; most commonly from ruptured veins between dura and meninges | subdural hematoma |
| Injury to surface veins or cortical arteries bleeding into the ventricles beneath the arachnoid layer of meninges | subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| The sudden & dramatic development of a focal neurologic deficit; most commonly involves the circulation of the internal carotid arteries | stroke syndrome |
| What is the time frame to administer fibrinolytic agents to effectively decrease risk of permanent neurologic deficit after a stroke? | 2-3 hours |
| Embolic stroke originating from arteriosclerotic ulcerated plaque; focal neurological deficits completely resolve within 24 hours | Transient Ischemic Stroke (TIA) |
| What is a major cause of a subarachnoid hemorrhage? | rupture of a berry aneurysm |
| A diffuse form of progressive cerebral atrophy that develops at an earlier age (before 60) then the senile period (60 & older) | Alzheimer's Disease |
| Atrophy of caudate nucleus and putamen; inherited condition that predominately involves men & appears in the early to middle adult years as dementia & continuous involuntary rapid, jerky movements | Huntington's Disease |
| A progressive degenerative disease (of basal ganglia) characterized by stooped posture, stiffness, & slowness, fixed facial expression & involuntary rhythmic tremor of the limbs that disappears with voluntary movement; usually occur in those 40 and older | Parkinson's Disease |
| Which 2 famous people had Parkinson's? | Muhammad Ali & Michael J. Fox |
| Degeneration of cerebellum; may represent an inherited disorder, a degenerative disease or the toxic effect of prolonged use of alcohol and phenytoin | cerebellar atrophy |
| A relentlessly progressive condition of unknown cause with widespread selective atrophy and loss of motor nerve cells leading to extensive paralysis & death from respiratory weakness or aspiration pneumonia | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
| What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis commonly known as? | Lou Gehrig's Disease |
| Dilation of the ventricular system that is usually associated with increased intracranial pressure | Hydrocephalus |
| What is commonly used to treat hydrocephalus? | shunt placement |
| What 2 famous people had ALS? | Stephen Hawking & Lou Gehrig |
| The main difference between transient ischemic attacks and a stroke are: | lasting neurologic deficits |
| mucosal thickening most commonly in the paranasal sinuses (maxillary) | Sinusitis |
| Complications of sinusitis can lead to all of the following pathological conditions, except | pituitary adenomas |
| T/F Craniopharyngiomas are benign tumors that contain both cystic and solid components and usually occur in patients younger that 30 years of age. | false, younger than 20 |
| T/F The most common location of surgically treatable arteriosclerotic disease causing TIAs is the region of the carotid bifurcation in the neck | true |
| a collection of glands that produce/secrete hormones that regulate metabolism, growth & development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, and sleep | endocrine system |
| low or inadequate amount | hypoactive |
| high or excess amount | hyperactive |
| enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by increase in the reproduction rate of its cells | hyperplasia |
| excess of growth hormone after the growth plates have closed | acromegaly |
| excess growth or height in children | gigantism |
| high blood sugar levels | hyperglycemia |
| What does the adrenal cortex produce? | cortisol, aldosterone, & androgens |
| Helps regulate metabolism & respond to stress | cortisol |
| Helps control BP | aldosterone |
| sex hormones | androgens |
| What does the adrenal medulla produce? | epinephrine & norepinephrine |
| aka adrenaline; regulates cardiac and glucose | epinephrine |
| regulates cardiac, glucose, & muscle contraction | norepinephrine |
| Occurs when the body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time | Cushing's syndrome |
| What are symptoms of Cushing syndrome? | obesity, moon-shaped face, buffalo hump, fatigue, bone loss, & increased urination (usually 20+) |
| Abnormal secretion of adrenocortical hormones characterized by masculinization of women; causes ambiguous genital's in women, enlarged penis in men, & accelerates skeletal maturation = dwarfism | Adrenogenital Syndrome |
| A rare tumor that produces an excess of vasopressor substances (epinephrine & norepinephrine causing HTN; round, oval mass (meatball); are BENIGN | Pheochromocytoma |
| Cancer that starts in early forms of nerve cells found in an embryo or fetus (1:3 starts in adrenal gland); the 2nd most common malignancy in child (0-5), highly malignant | Neuroblastoma |
| What gland is known as the master gland? | pituitary gland |
| Hormones secreted by this gland control the level of most glandular activity throughout the body | pituitary gland |
| Which lobe of the pituitary gland secretes ACTH, FSH, GH, LH, Prolactin (milk production), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) | anterior lobe |
| Which lobe of the pituitary gland secretes ADH & oxytocin (for muscle contractions? | posterior lobe |
| A condition due to the primary hypersecretion of pituitary hormones causing gigantism & acromegaly | Hyperpituitarism |
| Occurs when the body can’t regulate how it handles fluid due to low levels of ADH; Increase in thirst and dilution of urine | Diabetes Insipidus |
| Large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth & development through the rate of metabolism (produces T3 & T4) | Thyroid gland |
| Commonly develops as a result of iodine deficiency or inflammation of the thyroid gland; not all cause symptoms such as swelling and cough | Goiter |
| Encapsulated tumors that vary greatly in size & usually compress adjacent tissue; cause deviation or compression of the trachea, & may extend into superior mediastinum | Thyroid Adenoma |
| These glands secrete PTH = responsible for regulating the blood levels of calcium & phosphate | Parathyroid glands |
| Common endocrine disorder in which the pancreas fails to secrete insulin or target cells fail to respond to this hormone | Diabetes Mellitus |
| Onset of diabetes mellitus that develops in children & requires daily insulin injections | Juvenile |
| Develops later in life & can be controlled by diet alone | Non-insulin dependent |
| T/F The pituitary gland secretes several different types of steroid hormones including: mineralocorticoids, androgens, glucocorticoids. | false |
| Is the 2nd most common malignancy in children | neuroblastoma |
| Excess production of this hormones in Cushing's syndrome may be attributable to generalized bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex, or it may be the result of a functioning adrenal or even nonadrenal tumor. | glucocorticoid |
| All of the following are diseases of the adrenal cortex: | aldosteronism, hypoadrenalism, & adrenal carcinoma |
| Common treatments for endocrine system disease include all of the following | surgical resection, hormone replacement therapy, & chemotherapy |
| The best imaging modality/ exam for demonstrating both functioning and nonfunctioning thyroid tissue is? | radioactive iodine scanning |
| What is the name for an enlargement of the thyroid gland that does not result from an inflammatory or neoplastic process? | goiter |
| What are the 5 functions of bones? | 1. supporting framework of the body 2. protect vital organs 3. muscle contraction & joint movement 4. red bone marrow produce blood cells 5. maintain calcium levels |
| Disruption of bone caused by mechanical forces applied either directly to the bone or transmitted along the shaft of the bone | fractures |
| What are 3 signs that a fracture has occurred? | joint effusion, soft tissue swelling, & interruption of bony trabeculae |
| A fracture that results in discontinuity between 2 or more fragments | complete Fx |
| Partial discontinuity with a portion of the cortex remaining | incomplete Fx |
| the overlying skin is intact | closed Fx |
| Overlying skin is disrupted | compound/open fracture |
| Runs at a right angle to the long axis of the bone | Transverse Fx |
| runs approximately 45 degrees to the long axis of the bone | Oblique Fx |
| Encircles the shaft, generally longer than an oblique fracture; caused by a twisting motion | Spiral Fx |
| Generally small fragments torn from bony prominences | Avulsion Fx |
| Composed of more than 2 fragments | Comminuted Fx |
| Elongated triangular fragment of cortical bone | Butterfly Fx |
| Consists of a segment of the shaft isolated by proximal and distal lines of a fracture | Segmental Fx |
| Results from compression forces that causes compaction of bone trabeculae | Compression Fx |
| A portion of bone displaced inward on skull or tibial plateau | Depressed Fx |
| Response of bone to repeated stresses (runners 2nd & 3rd metatarsals) | Stressed/fatigue Fx |
| Occurs in bone weakened by some preexisting condition. | Pathologic Fx |
| Incomplete fracture with the opposite cortex intact | Greenstick Fx |
| One cortex is intact buckling or compaction of opposite | Torus/Buckle |
| Plastic deformation caused by a stress that is too great to permit complete recovery of normal shape | Bowing |
| Occurs when a plane of cleavage exists in the bone w/o angulation or separation | Undisplaced/non-displaced |
| Separation of bone fragments | Displacement |
| Angular deformity between the axes of the major fragments | Angulation |
| Displacement of a bone that is no longer in contact with its normal articulation | Dislocation |
| Only partial loss of continuity of the joint surfaces | Subluxation |
| How many views are needed and at what degree difference for trauma? | 2 views 90 degrees from each other |
| Healing of fracture fragments in a faulty position | Malunion |
| any fracture that takes longer to heal than an average fracture (caused by diabetes/smoking) | Delayed union |
| Fracture healing process has completely stopped, fragments remain ununited | Nonunion |
| Best exam for battered child syndrome? | skeletal survey |
| wrist fracture from fall on outstretched hand | Colle's Fx |
| most common carpal bone fracture | Navicular/Scaphoid Fx |
| fracture to 5th metacarpal usually from resulting blow of fist | Boxer's Fx |
| transverse fracture at the base of the 5th metatarsal; caused by stepping off curb or falling while walking stairs | Jone's Fx |
| T/F Most shoulder dislocations are anterior. | True (95%) |
| T/F Most hip dislocations are posterior. | True (80%-90%) |
| fracture & displacement of the ring of atlas, fracture of dens | Jefferson Fx |
| anterior subluxation of C2 on C3 (MVC) | Hangman's Fx |
| Is the major cause of severe acute or chronic of recurring low back and leg pain (with lumbar intervertebral disks) | Protrusion/Herniation |
| Twisting & curvature in the lateral perspective of the spine (S curves, more than 20 degrees) | Scoliosis |
| Problem with scoliosis outside the spine (leg lenght) | functional scoliosis |
| vertebra fail to form completely or separate appropriately | neuromuscular scoliosis |
| Cleft in the pars interarticular that is situated between the superior & inferior articular process | Spondylosis & Spondylothesis |
| This position shows spondylolisthesis demonstrate the lucent cleft in the pars interarticularis | lateral lumbar |
| This position demonstrates spondylolysis which appears as a fractured scotty dog neck | oblique lumbar |
| A posterior defect of the spinal canal, resulting from failure of the posterior elements to fuse properly | Spina Bifida |
| Mild/insignificant form of spina bifida; splitting of bony canal at L5-S1/tuft of hair) | Spina Bifida Occulta |
| Type of spina bifida with large defects with herniation of meninges | Meningocele |
| Type of spina bifida with large defects with herniation of meninges and a portion of spinal cord & nerve roots | Myelomengicolee |
| aka marble bone; a rare hereditary bone dysplasia that prevents bone marrow from forming; bones become very brittle and stress fractures occur often | Osteopetrosis |
| aka brittle bone; an inherited disorder of connective tissues, characterized by multiple fxs, & an unusual blue color sclera; Due to imperfectly formed or inadequate bone collagen (Adults generally wheelchair bound) | Osteogenesis Imperfecta |
| What is seen when imaging osteogenesis imperfecta? | bizarre deformities (may mimic child abuse) & lower kVp due to bone loss |
| How is Osteomalacia and rickets treated? | doses of vitamin D with calcium supplements |
| This disease is the most common chronic metabolic disease of the skeleton & has a cotton wool appearance on radiograph | Paget's Disease |
| Generally occurs in the end of a long bone in metaphysis (knee; between ages 10-25); usually given 5 year survival rate | Osteogenic Sarcoma |
| Malignant tumor of cartilaginous origin a new or within a preexisting cartilaginous lesion; commonly occurs in long bones, often originates from ribs, scapula, or vertebrae (age 35-60) | Chondrosarcoma |
| Primary malignant tumor arising in the bone marrow of long bones; tumor cells invade cortical bone & spread to soft tissue | Ewing's Sarcoma |
| A widespread malignancy of plasma cells that may be associated with bone destruction, bone marrow failure, hypercalcemia, renal failure, & recurrent infections (ages 40-70) | Multiple Myeloma |
| Image shows multiple punched out osteolytic lesions on lateral skull indicates? | multiple myeloma |
| A radiograph of a tear drop on a coronal CT, AP skull or waters x-ray indicates? | blowout fracture |
| Radiographic appearance of a snowman? | pituitary adenoma |
| Infection causing a collection of pus between the dura & arachnoid | subdural empyema |
| Microorganism infection of gray and white matter; risk factors include compromised immune systems (AIDs & cancer) | brain abscess |
| Stages of a brain abscess: | encephalitis, localization, enlargements, & rupture (terminal) |
| Infectious process above the dura & beneath the inner skull table | epidural empyema |
| What is used to treat most CNS infections? | craniotomy & broad spectrum antibiotics |
| An infection of the bone or bone marrow, typically caused by bacteria or sometimes fungus | Osteomyelitis of the skull |
| T/F A hangman's fracture is the result of acute hyperextension of the head on the neck. | True |
| To demonstrate a herniation of an intervertebral disk a ____________ study is recommended. | CT myelogram |
| Fat pad sign is a radiographic finding of a _____________ fracture. | Elbow |
| The most common injury to the foot is a transverse fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal called a ___________ fracture | Jones |
| The most common cause of osteoporosis is: | hormone changes |
| T/F Multiple myeloma is an additive disease, and as such kVp and mAs should be increased | False |
| Most common reason why we x-ray: | trauma |
| Appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells | dendrites |
| Causes of such disease are poorly understood, is a combination of genetic & environmental factors | thyroid carcinomas |
| What is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma, it is slow growing & localized? (75%-80%) | Papillary |
| This thyroid carcinoma usually occurs in women over 50, early hematogenous spread (lungs & bone); 15% | Follicular |
| This thyroid carcinoma is familial, most often appearing as a component of a syndrome in which there are multiple endocrine tumors | Medullary |
| An example of a malignant bone tumor is: | Osteogenic sarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma |
| Bacterial meningitis is most commonly caused by ____ in children. | Haemophilus |
| A CT head w/o done after a patient arrives with stroke symptoms is done to rule out? | Intracranial hemorrhage |
| Thickening of heel pads is a radiographic finding in patients diagnosed with: | Hyperpituitarism |
| Common stroke symptoms include: | hemiplegia, hemiparesis, & dysarthria |
| The most common complication & leading cause of death in diabetic patients is: | Renal disease |
Created by:
gnteumac
Popular Radiology sets