Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Mod. 8 - ETC
Biochemistry Module 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the "unifying" theory covered in this module | Chemiosmotic Theory |
| How many ATP's are produced per NADH | 2.5 ATP |
| How many ATP's are produced per FADH2 | 1.5 ATP |
| Draw an amino acid molecule (or two) and identify which part would be removed during oxidative deamination | see picture |
| What happens to the carbon skeleton of an amino acid after it is separated from NH4 | the carbon skeleton becomes acetyl-CoA, then ATP |
| Why is urea such a good molecule for excreting nitrogen from cells? | It has a high density of nitrogen in a small molecule, and it can form numerous hydrogen bonds with water. |
| in the overall process of converting of Ammonium to Urea, how many molecules of ATP are invested | 3 ATP |
| in the overall process of converting of Ammonium to Urea, what molecule from the urea cycle can enter in the the citric acid cycle | Fumarate |
| what does Pi stand for | Inorganic phosphate or inorganic orthophosphate group |
| in the overall process of converting of Ammonium to Urea, which are the two amino acids studied in Module 3 | Aspartate and Arginine |
| What is an integral protein | a protein firmly embedded in the lipid bilayer |
| how many complexes are in the ETC | there are four (4) complexes |
| At which ETC complex is H2O produced | At complex IV |
| how is water produced in complex IV | the following reaction: O2 + 4e- + 4H+ ===> 2H2O |
| what complex oxidizes NADH | Complex I |
| what complex oxidizes FADH2 | Complex II |
| At which complex is water produced from oxygen | complex IV produces water from oxygen |
| how is the H+ gradient formed | Complexes, I, III, and IV pump these ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space |
| What is the purpose of F0 in ATP Synthase | F0 contains the pore through which H+ Ions flow causing it's rotation |
| what is the purpose of F1 in ATP Synthase | the rotation of F0 causes F1 to catalyze the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi |
| why is the Urea cycle so important | Nitrogen is toxic if built up in living cells. the Urea cycle allows for the proper waste disposal system of of nitrogen |
| generally speaking, what is the source of nitrogen found in cells | amino acids/protien degradation |
| how are amino acids converted to acetyl-CoA | there are several pathways to convert amino acids to acetyl-CoA. however it is similar for all 20 protein-building amino acids |
| what is a carbon skeleton | the carbon backbone from amino acids, it is the structural framework of the amino acids |
| other than carbon, what other toxic atoms can be found in amino acids | nitrogen and sulphur |
| what is oxidative deamination | the removal of the amine functional group, resulting in ammonium (NH4+) |
| describe/draw the pathway that proteins take in order to create energy and urea | 1) Protein 2) Amino Acid 3) Oxidative Deamination 4) (Ammonium) Urea Cycle (Carbon Skeleton) acetyl-CoA 5) acetyl-CoA goes through CAC 6) ATP |
| how many steps are in the Urea Cycle | 4 steps |
| in the Urea Cycle, which reaction(s) occur in the mitochondrial matrix | Reaction - A (conversion of Ammonium to Carbamoyl Phosphate) and Step 1 |
| in the Urea cycle, which reaction(s) occur in the cytosol | Steps 2 through 4 |
| Reaction - A in Urea Cycle. 1 - Starting product 2 - end product 3 - enzyme 4- Energy used/gained | 1 - ammonium (NH4+) 2 - Carbamoyl Phosphate 3 - Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase I 4 - 2 ATP donated |
| which product enters into the Urea Cycle | carbamoyl phosphate |
| Step 1 of Urea Cycle: 1 - beginning product 2 - co reactant 3 - product 4 - byproduct 5 - enzyme | 1 - carbamoyl phosphate 2 - ornithine 3 - citrulline 4 - phosphate group (Pi - PO4 3-) 5 - Ornithine transcarbamoylase |
| which molecule in the urea cycle is transported to the cytosol to further continue the urea cycle | citrulline |
| step _________ of the urea cycle only occurs after ______________________ has been transferred to the cytosol | 2; CITRULLINE |
| Step 2 of urea cycle: 1 - beginning product 2 - co reactant 3 - product 4 - byproduct 5 - enzyme | 1 - Citrulline 2 - Aspartate and ATP (powers reaction) 3 - Argininosuccinate 4 - AMP + PPi (P2O7 4-) 5 - Argininosuccinate synthetase |
| what does PPi stand for (chemical formula) | P2O7 4- |
| what happens to AMP after Step 2 of urea cycle | AMP will be converted back to ATP by other cellular processes |
| Step 3 of urea cycle 1 - beginning product 2 - enzyme 3 - end product | 1 - argininosuccinate 2 - argininosuccinase 3 - fumarate and arginine |
| step 3 of urea cycle has two products. what are they and what is the next step for each | 1) Furmarate: enters CAC and becomes Malate 2) Arginine: continues to Step 4 of urea cycle to eventually become urea |
| step 4 urea cycle 1 - beginning product 2 - byproduct 3 - end product 4 - enzyme | 1 - arginine (contains 2 Nitrogen atoms) 2 - Urea (contains 2 Nitrogen atoms) 3 - Ornithine 4 - arginase |
| what happens to ornithine molecule after it is produced in the urea cycle | it enters into the mitochondrial matrix where it starts a new Urea Cycle |
| how many nitrogen atoms are in the urea molecule | there are two nitrogen atoms in the urea molecule |
| draw a urea molecule | see drawing |
| draw ammonium | see drawing |
| draw carbamoyl Phosphate | see drawing |
| draw citrulline | see drawing |
| draw an argininosuccinate | see drawing |
| draw furmarate | see drawing |
| draw arginine | see drawing |
| draw ornithine | see drawing |
| describe ornithine | - an amino acid that is not used in protein synthesis - produce in the cytosol (via Urea Cycle) - reenters the mitochondrial matrix to start the cycle again. |
| a defect in any enzyme in the Urea Cycle results in? Because? | an enzyme defect in the Urea cycle can be very serious (if not fatal) because ammonium is highly toxic in animal tissue. Individual cannot handle a high protein diet |
| what is done to help combat enzyme defects in the Urea Cycle | individual follow a strict diet with low protein |
| what is the major source of ATP production in the cell is | oxidative phosphorylation |
| describe the three phases of oxidative phosphorylation (of these three phases, which one produces ATP) | 1 - flow of electrons from NADH + FADH2 in ETC 2 - electron flow of H+ from mitochondrial matrix to innermembrane space 3 - flow or H+ back into the matrix via transporters (this is where ATP occurs) |
| (not a question) draw a mitochondria (or find a picture of one and identify all the structions | (not a question) - lamellae - inner membrane - outer membrane - inner mem. boundary - cristal mem. - ribosomes - etc. |
| where is the matrix of the mitochondria | the inner most space of the mitochondria |
| the mitochondrial matrix is the location of | - beta-oxidation - part of the Urea Cycle - conversion of ammonium to Carbamoyl Phosphate - Citric Acid Cycle - the production of GTP, NADH, and FADH2 |
| what is the net reaction of the 1st phase of oxidative phosphorylation (transfer of electrons from NADH + FADH2)? | 4H+ +4 e- + O2 ==> 2 H2O |
| in the 1st phase of oxidative phosphorylation, where do the H+ come from | the NADH and FADH2 in the mitochondrial matrix |
| in the 1st phase of oxidative phosphorylation, where do the e- come from | they flow spontaneously through the four complexes |
| in the 1st phase of oxidative phosphorylation, where does the oxygen come from | it is breathed in by the organism and transported in the blood |
| what is the function of complex I in the ETC | - location of the 1st transfer of electrons and H+ (from NADH) - NADH is oxidized |
| what is Complex I protein made out of? | - 40 polypeptide chain - several coenzymes |
| name a couple coenzymes that are part of Complex I | flavin, CoQ |
| what is the chemical reaction that occurs in Complex I | NADH + H+ + CoQ ==> NAD+ + CoQH2 |
| how many H+ are moved from the matrix to the intermembrane space? why is this important? | 4H+ are pumped across the into the intermembrane space. this is important because it creates a proton imbalance between the matrix and the intermembranes space |
| what is the function of CoQH2 in Complex I | it shuttles electrons and H+ to complex III |
| What is the real life exampled of the ETC | Water being pumped up into an elevated water tank so that it can simultaneously flow back down |
| describe Complex II | - smaller and less complex than the other complexes |
| what is the function of Complex II | transfers electrons and H+ from FADH2 to CoQ |
| What is the source of FADH2 | the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the CAC |
| what is the overall reaction that is occurring in Complex II | FADH2 + CoQ ==> FAD + CoQH2 |
| the Complex II pumps _______________ protons to the intermembrane space | 0, no protons are pumped out of the matrix at complex II |
| what happens to the CoQH2 that is produced in Complex II | the CoQH2 produced in complex ii is shuttled to Complex III |
| what is the name of Complex I | NADH Dehydrogenase |
| what is the name of complex II | Succinate Dehydrogenase |
| what is the name of Complex III | Cytochrome b-c 1 |
| what is the function of Complex III | - accepts electrons from CoQH2 (from complexes I+II) - 4 Cytochrome-c proteins are needed for the red/ox reaction |
| describe Complex III as a unit | - 11 polypeptides - several species are e- acceptors |
| how many H+ are pumped out of the matrix at Complex III | 2 H+ are pumped out at complex III, further creating an H+ imbalance |
| what is the name of Complex IV | Cytochrome C Oxidase |
| what is the function of Complex IV | the four (4) Cyt-c red/ox proteins are delivered here, where they flow through the complex and pump out an additional 4 electrons from the matrix |
| what is the reaction that takes place in Complex IV | O2 + 4 e- +4 H+ ==> 2H2O |
| why is oxygen needed by the Electron Transport Chain, | the oxygen is used to create water at Complex IV |
| what is the importance of all the complexes in the Electron transport chain | (with the exception of Complex II) all the complexes create a proton imbalance between the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix. Allowing for a high concentration gradient |
| what is the function of ATP Synthase | protons flow back into the matrix without the use of energy/ |
| why is there no energy required for the function of ATP synthase. | because there is already a high concentration gradient as well as an electrical gradient the protons are able to freely move from an area from high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| if there is an imbalance of protons between the intermembrane and matrix of the mitochondria. then it can also be assumed that | there is also a charge gradient, where the intermembrane space is positive and the matrix is negative |
| what does the Chemiosmotic Theory explain | hot ATP is formed via ATP Synthase as a result of electrons flowing through the transport chain |
| who is the developer of the Chemiosmotic Theory | Peter Mitchell |
| describe the ATP synthase protein | - transmembrane protein -embedded in the inner mitochondiral membrane - the bottom portion turns like a turbine and make ADP to ATP |
| what is the reaction that occurs at ATP synthase | ADP + Pi + nHim ==> ATP + nHm+ |
| name the four components of the ATP synthase | 1 - F0 2 - F1 3 - Axel 4 - stator |
| Describe F0 | the membrane bound portion of ATP Synthase (integral protein) |
| describe F1 | the part of ATP synthase that extends into the matrix (like a turbine) |
| describe the axel | - the part of ATP synthase the joins F0 and F1 - this is the point where turning the axel activates the catalytic site to make ATP from ADP |
| what is the cause of mitochondrial disease | a mutation in one enzyme/protein involved in metabolism causing it to not function properly |
| what is MERRF | Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged-Red Fiber disease |
| what is Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged-Red Fiber disease | a collection of similar disorders (effecting mostly muscle cells). makes muscles appear deformed with fiber appearance, |
| what are some symptoms of Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged-Red Fiber disease | - muscle twitching - nerve cell degradation - loss of hearing - loss of eye sight |
| what is the most common form of Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged-Red Fiber disease | tRNA in mitochondria are not made correctly, the organelle does not make the necessary amount of ATP as a results |
| are there any effective therap(ies) for Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged-Red Fiber disease | no, so the focus is on symptom management |
Created by:
kandriot
Popular Biochemistry sets