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ARRT Review
Positioning Part 2- Extremities
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Small bones found in tendons are termed: | Sesamoids |
| The body/shaft of a long bone is mostly made of ____ type tissue, while the extremities of long bones are typically made of ______ tissue | Compact/cortical; spongy/cancellous |
| The hollow central portion of a long bone is termed the ___ and is filled with _______ | medullary cavity/canal; bone marrow |
| What are two examples of flat bones? | calvarium, sternum, ribs, scapula |
| What are two examples of irregular bones? | facial bones, vertebrae, and pelvic bones |
| The membrane covering the bone is termed | periosteum |
| The membranes covering the cartilage is termed | perichondrium |
| The type of cartilage found at the extremities of long bones and at their articulating surfaces is called: | articular or hyaline cartilage |
| The term used to describe the secondary ossification is _____; the term for primary ossification centers is____ | epiphysis; diaphysis |
| What is the name of the somewhat wider portion of a long bone adjacent to the epiphyseal plate? | Metaphysis |
| Name and describe the 3 classifications of joints/articulations | 1) Synarthrodial - fibrous and immovable 2) Amphiarthrodial - cartilaginous, and partially movable 3) Diarthrodial - synovial and freely moveable |
| What is the lateral most carpal of the distal row? | Trapezium |
| The radiocarpal joint is formed between the radius and which carpal? | Scaphoid |
| What articulation is formed by the ulnar notch and radial head? | proximal radioulnar joint |
| The lateral aspect of the distal Humerus presents a raised smooth surface called the _______________ which articulates with the superior surface of the _______ | capitulum; radial head |
| Tennis elbow is a painful condition that affects what bony area of the elbow? | lateral epicondyle and sometimes the radial head |
| In which position of the elbow will the coronoid process be viewed in profile? | Internal or medial oblique (45 degrees) |
| Where is the CR of the hand? | Perpendicular to the 3rd MCP |
| Where is the CR of the Shoulder? | Perpendicular to 1" below the Coracoid process |
| Where is the CR of the 2nd digit? | Perpendicular to the PIP |
| Which projection/position should be completed to demonstrate forward/backward displacement of the digits? | Lateral |
| The common fracture located at the base of the first metacarpal is called | Bennett fracture |
| The name of the fracture to the neck of the 4th or 5th metacarpal is called | Boxer fracture |
| The fracture of the distal radius characterized by anterior displacement of the fragments is termed | Smith fracture [Colles is a posterior displacement] |
| The "sail sign" or "spinnaker sail sign" seen in a lateral elbow radiograph indicates a/an ___ | This is seen in the fat pad and indicates Joint effusion/Radial Head Fracture |
| The bones that form the palm of the hand are called | Metacarpals |
| The bones that form the digits are called | phalanges |
| The "knuckles" are actually what? | Metacarpophalangeal joints |
| The articulations between the wrist bones and the bones of the palm are termed | carpometacarpal joints |
| If the AP diameter of the concave carpel arrangement is diminished, the ______ nerve is impinged upon, this condition is called: | median nerve, carpal tunnel syndrome |
| The most commonly fractured carpal bone is: | scaphoid |
| The fracture of the distal radius characterized by posterior displacement and fracture of the ulnar styloid is typical of which fracture? | Colles |
| The ________ portion of the radius and ulna are superimposed when the hand is __________ | proximal; pronated |
| What fad pad is usually not visualized in a normal and accurately positioned lateral elbow but is often visible in the presence of pathology like a fracture? | the posterior fat pad |
| What position will best demonstrate medial/lateral fracture displacement? | AP |
| Which bones form the shoulder girdle? | Two scapula, two clavicles |
| What structure is composed of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, deltoid, and subscapularis muscles? | rotator cuff |
| An oblique hand image demonstrates foreshortening of the digits and poor visibility of the IP joints, How can this be corrected? | extend the fingers and support them to be parallel to the IR |
| The PA wrist with ulnar deviation is done to better demonstrate: | the scaphoid |
| Where should the CR enter for an AP projection of the 1st digit? | MCP joint |
| The PA projection of the hand provides a/an ____ projection of the 1st digit | Oblique |
| The carpal canal/tunnel tangential inferosuperior projection of the wrist requires a CR angulation of how many degrees and in which direction? | |
| If a lateral projection of the forearm demonstrates the epicondyle not superimposed, how show that positioning be corrected? | |
| When the elbow can not be extended for an AP projection of the elbow, what projection can be taken to demonstrate the required AP anatomy? | One AP with forearm parallel and another one with Humerus parallel to the IR |
| The AP lateral oblique and/or external rotation projection of the elbow should demonstrate what structure free of superimposition: | Radial head |
| The AP medial oblique, internal rotation, of the elbow will demonstrate what structure free of superimposition? | coronoid process |
| What is the long-curved process that extends laterally above the head of the Humerus? | acromion process |
| What is the only articulation between the upper extremity and the bony thorax? | sternoclavicular joint |
| A true AP projection of the shoulder is obtained in the ____ rotation position the _____ should be seen in profile laterally. | external; greater tubercle |
| The lateral projection of the Humerus or elbow requires that the epicondyles be ____ to the IR | perpendicular |
| What is the usual way of obtaining a lateral projection of the Humerus in cases of trauma? | transthoracic |
| What is the optimal breathing for the transthoracic views as well as AP Scapula and AP/Lateral Thoracic spines | Orthostatic breathing |
| The inferosuperior axial projection of the shoulder requires that the arm be abducted 90 degrees from the body and should be in the ______ rotation position | external |
| The posterior oblique position of the shoulder requires that the part be rotated so that the ___________________ is parallel to the IR | scapula (this was the Grashey - take note of the way it was listed) |
| An internal rotation projection of the shoulder should demonstrate ____ in profile _____________ | lesser tubercle; medially |
| The AP projection of the Humerus or elbow requires that the epicondyles be ____ to the IR | parallel |
| Where should the CR enter for an AP projection of the Glenohumeral joint? | 1" inferior to the Coracoid |
| The anterior oblique position for the shoulder will see an anterior dislocation when the humeral head is located _______________ | This is the Y shoulder (take note of the wording); seen under the coracoid |
| How are the acromioclavicular articulations usually examined in order to demonstrate small separations? | bilaterally and with/without weights |
| In order to visualize a larger portion of the scapula in the AP projection, the arm should be placed _____________ and will the ribs from not superimposing the _____________ border of the scapula | abduct at 90 degrees and pull over head; medial border |
| The vertebral and axillary borders should be superimposed in the ________ of the scapula | lateral |
| Which metatarsal has a large tuberosity, commonly subjected to trauma? | 5th |
| This tarsal lies immediately anterior to the talus: | navicular |
| Bones formed in tendons, often near articulations, are called: | Sesamoids |
| This tarsal immediately is anterior to the calcaneus | cuboid (think about the calcaneocuboid joint seen in the Axial Calcaneus view) |
| What bones form the ankle joint? | |
| The lateral malleolus is the distal expanded end of which bone? | fibula |
| What position best demonstrates the entire ankle mortise? | 15 degree internal rotation (Mortise) |
| Osgood-Schlatter disease affects what bony part? | Tibial Tuberosity |
| Why should the CR be directed 5-7 degrees cephalic in the lateral projection of the knee? | to superimpose the condyles |
| How much flexion is needed on a lateral knee? | 20-30 |
| What projection of the toes should demonstrate no overlapping of the soft tissues? | AP |
| The dorsoplantar projection of the foot requires that the CR be directed how much, in what direction, and to what point? | 10 degree, posterior, base of 3rd MT |
| What is the relationship between the plantar surface and the IR in the lateral projection of the foot? | perpendicular |
| The AP medial oblique projection of the foot requires what degree of obliquity? | min 30, 40 is most optimal |
| How should the foot be examined in order to demonstrate the longitudinal arches and ligament injuries? | wieght-bearing |
| The dorsoplantar axial projection of the calcaneus requires that the CR be directed how many degrees and in what direction to the plantar surface? | 40 caudal |
| Where should the CR be directed for the AP projection of the ankle? | midway between the malleoli |
| What is the relationship between the plantar surface and the IR in the Plantodorsal axial projection of the calcaneus? | perpendicular |
| The AP oblique, medal rotation of the ankle requires what degree of obliquity? | 45 |
| A 15 degree medial oblique angle is performed to demonstrate the _____ | ankle mortise |
| In order to demonstrate both the ankle and knee joins on an examination of the lower let the IR is often palace _____ to the long axis of the lower leg | diagonal |
| For an AP projection of the Knee where is the CR directed to? | 1/2" (.05") distal to the apex of the patella |
| If the distance between the ASIS and the tabletop is less than 19cm, what will the tube angle be for the AP Knee? | 5 caudal |
| What are two evaluation criteria for correct positioning of the lateral knee? | superimposed condyles, patellofemoral joint space open (these will be done by the proper angle and flexion) |
| To evaluate the knee for arthritis, it is recommended that the y be imaged in the _______________ position | upright, full weight bearing |
| To visualize the proximal tibiofibular joint, the AP knee should be obliqued how many degrees and in which direction? | 45 medially/internally |
| The PA axial projection of the intercondylar fossa requires that the CR be directed _____________ to the long axis of the lower leg | perpendicular |
| The PA tangential projection (Hughston method) of the patella and patellofemoral joint requires that the knee may be flexed about 50 degrees and the CR directed how many degrees and in what direction? | 45 cephalic ( CR will be 15-200 from lower leg) |
| In femur radiography, if both femoral articulations cannot be recorded on one IP (Image plate), how should the radiographer proceed? | Use two IR, one closest to the injury. Top of IR at ASIS and then bottom IR should be 2" below the knee |
| What image is usually made to determine pediatric bone age? | PA wrist and hand (typically left) |
| Long bone measurement examinations are usually performed to detect: | limb length between right and left sides |
| "Punched out" radiolucent lesions are reproductive of the malignant condition called _____________ and the x-ray examination most frequently requested to diagnose this condition is _________________ | multiple myeloma; skeletal/bone survey |
| X-ray imaging of bony articulations and their soft tissue structures, using positive and/or negative contrast agents is termed _______________________ | arthrography |
| Fluoroscopic and radiographic examination of the spinal cord and its meninges using positive contrast agents is termed | myelography |
| What is the type of fracture that vertebral bodies are subjected to, especially in cases of osteoporosis? | compression fracture |
| What is the name of final stage of healing/repair of a bone fracture? | remodeling |
| What is the type of bony fracture where bone appears shared or broken into several fragments? | comminuted |
| What is the type of fracture what can be common to the patella or cranium, radiating from a central point, ie: star-shaped? | stellate |
| What is the term used to describe movement of fractured ends of bones away from each other? | displacement |
| What is the term used to describe the gap between fractured ends of bones? | distraction |
| A break in the bony cortex on one side of the shaft/body of a long bone, especially in children is termed | greenstick |
| A small chip of bone that breaks away when a joint is dislocated, or when a tendon is pulled is termed | avulsion |
| To demonstrate an optimal internal oblique foot, which tarsal bone will be demonstrated with clear joint spaces surrounding it | cuboid |
| What is the name of the joint directly inferior to the talus? | sub-talor |
| What is the space anterior and inferior to the talus and is seen on a lateral foot and oblique foot | sinus tarsi |
| The routine Coyle method demonstrates | radial head |
| How is the arm and hand positioned in the Coyle method for the radial head | entire arm must be on the same plane, elbow in lateral projection and hand is pronated |
| What is the angle and direction on the tube for a Coyle method for radial head | 45 towards the shoulder , elbow is 90 degrees |
| What is the angle on the tube for Coyle method for coronoid process? | 45 away from the shoulder , elbow is 80 degrees |
| Radial deviation of the wrist will demonstrate: | medial carpals |
| AP knee tube angle will be parallel to the __________________- | tibial plateau |
| What happens to the bones of the forearm when the hand is pronated? | the radius and ulna cross over |
| Which is more superior: humeral anatomical neck or surgical neck? | anatomical neck |
| What area of the Humerus bone articulates with the ulna | trochlea |
| Which carpal bone is between the capitate and trapezium? | trapezoid |
| Which tarsal bone is medial: navicular or cuboid? | navicular |
| What is the angle to the lower leg for the Settegast? | 15-20 degrees |
| For the holmblad method of the knee, what is the degree of flexion of the knee? | 70 |
| Where is the CR located for the Holmblad? | posterior crease of knee to exit 1/2" below the apex of patella |
| What is the angle on the tube for the Holmblad? | 0 |
| What is the angle on the tube for the Camp Coventry? | 40-50 (perp to lower leg) |
| What is the angle for toes? | 10 posteriorly |
| What is demonstrated on the external oblique foot? | medial tarsals and 1st phalange |
| Where is the CR for the AP Scapula? | 2" inferior to the coracoid |
| What is the angle on the tube for the SOV or Outlet (Neer) | 10-15 Caudal |
| The scaphoid is best demonstrated in ________________ deviation | ulnar |
| The Stetcher method is used to demonstrate what area? | Scaphoid |
| What is the angle degree on the sponge for the Stecher | 20 |
| For a PA axial scaphoid, what is the angle on the tube? | 10-15 towards the wrist |
| Which border of the scapula is thicker? | lateral or axiallary |
| The Lawrence method of the shoulder will have the arm positioned how? | arm abducted 90 to body, extended out and in external rotation |
| What tubercle will be seen on the proximal Humerus in the inferosuperior shoulder joint image? | lesser |
| Ball Catcher method is used to visualize which pathology? | Rheumatoid arthritis |
Created by:
rcberger06
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