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175 ch 10
175 ch 10 & 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A report that shows susceptible strains of pathogens to antibiotics | Antibiogram |
| Using the Inhibitor disc on agar plates to test sensitivity of microbes to antibiotics | Kirby-Bauer test |
| Like the Kirby-Bauer test but uses strips | E-Test |
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentration is | The least amount of drug per volume of liquid that has a visible inhibition of growth on microbes; Done as Tube Dilution Test |
| The use of a drug to prevent infection to someone at risk is called | Prophylaxis |
| Antimicrobial means | Broad term for drugs that fight infections |
| Natural agents used against bacterial infections | Antibiotics |
| Broad Spectrum drugs | Many Bacteria |
| Narrow Spectrum drugs | Target a specific group of bacteria |
| Therapeutic Index | Ratio of Toxic dose compared to Effective dose |
| Selective Toxicity | Highly toxic to target microbe while less toxic to host cells |
| Microbe considered by CDC as Urgent Threat | Clostridium Difficle ; C diff & CRE Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae |
| Microbe considered by CDC as Serious Threat | Vancomycin - Resistant Enterococcus ; VRE |
| Microbe considered by CDC as Concerning Threat | Vancomycin - Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ; VRSA |
| The R Factor refers to what | The type of Plasmid that confers antibiotic resistant |
| Bacteria that goes to slow growing or dormant until antibiotic is gone is called | Persisters |
| The enzyme in bacteria that hydrolyzes Penicillin | Penicillinase |
| Term used for a situation where infections is untreatable with antibiotics is | Post Antibiotic Era |
| Term for when a Antibiotic is modified in lab | Semisynthetic Drug |
| 3 factors of horizontal gene transfer | Transduction , Transformation, Conjugation |
| Term for A rapid developing pronounced allergic reaction that can become life threating | Anaphylaxis |
| The 3 modes of Action for antiviral drug | Prevent transcription/translation, Prevent penetration, Prevent maturation |
| Prebiotics do what | Stimulate the growth of biota in GI |
| The current treatment for Malaria is with | Artemisinin |
| The 2 drugs to treat helminths in humans | Ivermectin, Praziquantel |
| Drug used in place of penicillin because of allergic reaction to penicillin | Cephalosporin |
| Drugs that have a low toxicity, target what part of the bacteria | The cell wall |
| Drugs that have a high toxicity to humans, target what part of microbe | The cytoplasmic membrane |
| 5 ways that antimicrobials target cell | Cell wall synthesis, DNA/RNA synthesis, Plasma membrane, Protein synthesis, Folic Acid synthesis |
| Drug used against MRSA | Cephalosporins 5th generation Cegtaroline |
| Vancomycin is used | Is Narrow spectrum to treat Staphylococcal infections concerning penicillin and methicillin resistance or penicillin allergy |
| Drug that blocks the attachment of tRNA on the 'A' acceptor site and stop further protein synthesis and broad spectrum is | Tetracycline , gram pos & neg cocci and rods, aerobic & anaerobic bacteria rickettsias and spirochetes |
| Modes of Action for microbes to be resistant | New enzymes inactivating drug ( penicillinase), Uptake of drug into microbe is decreased, Drug enters and is immediately eliminated from microbe, Decreased binding sites for the drug, Change in the metabolic pathway |
| Carbapenems are used when | Powerful , used when other drugs are not working, CRE is resistant to it |
| Toxic reactions to Penicillin G | Rash , watery eyes , Hives |
| Toxic reaction to Carbenicillin | Abnormal bleeding |
| Toxic reaction to Ampicillin | Diarrhea |
| Toxic reactions to Cephalosporins | Inhibition of platelet function, Decreased circulation of white blood cells , Nephritis (nephron inflammation) |
| Toxic reaction to Tetracyclines | Diarrhea, discoloration of tooth enamel , Photosensitivity |
| 3 considerations in choosing a antimicrobial are | Identify the Microbe, Sensitivity of Microbe , and Overall Health of Patient |
| MIC ; Minimal Inhibitory Concentration is | Identifies the smallest effective dose of an antimicrobial toxic to the microbe |
| Therapeutic Index is | Ratio of toxicity of drug to human vs. microbe , the Higher the ratio number the less toxic the drug is to the human. |
| Drugs that block cell wall synthesis are 4 ea. | Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Vancomycins |
| 4 Drugs that block Protein synthesis are | Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Oxazolidinone, Pleuromutilins |
| 2 Drugs that block Folic Acid synthesis are | Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim |
| 2 Drugs that disrupt cell membranes | Polymyxins and Daptomycin |
| 3 Major side effects to antimicrobials are | Toxicity to organs, Altering the normal Biota, Allergic Reactions |
| What are R Factors | They are Plasmids that contain a code for Drug Resistance |
| Clavulanic Acid does what | Inhibits the Beta-Lactamase |
| Nafcillin does what | Treats infections caused by Penicillinase producing bacteria |
| Fluoroquinolones kills microbes by | Stopping the DNA Transcription |
| 4 Antifungals are | Macrolide Polyenes, Azoles, Echinocandins, Allylamines |
| Define Human Biome | Total Microbes found on and in normal human ; Important for health of host |
| Leukocidins | Lyses White Blood Cells ; Produced by Streptococcus and Staphylococcus and is a Toxin to WBC |
| Enterotoxins are | Toxin that acts on the GI Tract |
| Exoenzyme is | An Extracellular enzyme that may damage host tissue |
| Exotoxin is | Toxin that acts on a Specific cellular tissue; Are Proteins |
| Symptom is defined as | Being perceived by the Patient |
| Sign is defined as | Being observed by a Physical exam |
| Syndrome is defined as | Signs and Symptoms that indicate a Disease |
| Edema is | Build up of excess fluid in an area |
| Endotoxins are | Lipopolysaccharides and are gram negative` ; shed off and are not target specific |
| Septicemia | Microbes in the blood that are multiplying |
| Bacteremia and Viremia | Microbes in the blood that are Not multipying |
| Leukocytosis | Increase of WBC |
| Leukopenia | Decrease of WBC |
| Sequelae | Permanent damage to tissue or organ from disease ; polio |
| Zoonosis | Animal to Human disease |
| Fomite | Solid Objects or Material that can spread infectious diseases when contact is made |
| Horizontal transmission | Person to Person |
| Vertical transmission | Parent to Offspring |
| Common Source Epidemic | Disease that originates from a pathogen that comes from One Source and can effect people in different areas geographically |
| Point Source Epidemic | Is a type of Common Source ; Would be a smaller scale, like people getting sick from bad potato salad at a group function |
| Propagated Epidemic | Pathogen that is communicable from person to person ; and is sustained over time ; the FLU |
| Prevalence | A total number of existing cases of a disease in a Population |
| Epidemiology | Study of spread of disease in a Community |
| Incidence | The measure of new cases over a certain time period |
| Epigenetic changes do what | Make changes to the host DNA or RNA , can be passed along with replication |
| 4 Stages of Infection | Incubation Period, Prodromal Stage, Acute Phase, Convalescence |
| Nosocomial is another name for | Healthcare associated infections |
| An agent that causes a disease or infection | Etiologic Agent |
| An enzyme that causes clotting of blood or plasma | Coagulase |
| The Vector that transports infectious agents without becoming infected | Mechanical vectors; carry microbe on their body |
| An extracellular enzyme that may damage the host tissues | Exoenzyme |
| Term for microbes gaining a better foothold on host tissues | Adhesion |
| Difference in Fomite and Vehicle | Fomite is solid object only, Vehicle can include water, liquid and air |
| Virulence is | The degree of pathogenicity of a microbe ; Severity |
| Toxins that act on the intestines | Enterotoxins |
| The place where microbes originate from is the | Reservoir |
| The Vector that carries the microbe within its body and injects to others | Biological Vector |
| Term in epidemiology for Total number of new cases in an area and specific time period | Incidence |
| Term for a disease in an normal healthy person | True Pathogen |
| Term for number of persons infected with a disease | Morbidity Rate |
| Term in epidemiology for total number of cases in an area at a certain time | Prevalence |
| Ways that Exotoxins affect host cells | Damage to cell membrane, Lysis of cell, Disrupting intracellular functions |
| Term for infection with more than one microbe | Polymicrobial |
| DNA sequences that have the capability to move in the genomes | Transposons |
| Antifungal drug group that acts on interfering with sterol synthesis | Azoles |
| 2 Drugs that treat several roundworms | Mebendazole and Albendazole |
| 2 Bacterial sources for Antibiotics are | Streptomyces and Bacillus |
| 4 Stages of Infection are | Incubation stage, Prodromal stage, Acute stage, Convalescent stage |
| Most antibiotics are formed from what | Streptomyces and Bacillus |
| Most antifungals are formed from what | Penicillium and Cephalosporium |
| Bacteria with the most resistance are | Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, and Aerobic Gram Negative Intestinal Bacteria |
| Works to disrupt tRNA , drugs contain 'cine' in name | Tetracycline |
| Drug that treats gram negative , disrupts protein synthesis, names end in 'cin'. like streptomycin | Aminoglycosides |
| Inhibits cell wall synthesis, is a Beta-Lactam antibiotic, drug names end in 'nem' | Carbapenems |
| Inhibits cell wall synthesis, Beta-Lactam antibiotic, name ends in 'cillin' | Penicillins |
| A broad spectrum , inhibits DNA transcription, name ends in 'xacin' | Fluoroquinolones |
| Inhibits cell wall synthesis, Bata-Lactam antibiotic, similar to penicillin, names begin with 'cef' | Cephalosporins |
| Vancomycin belongs to this group, inhibits cell wall synthesis, | Lipoglycopeptides |
| Prevents Folic Acid synthesis, works on G- and G+ ,names begin with 'sulf' | Sulfonamides |
| Clavulanic Acid inhibits what | Inhibits the Beta-Lactam Enzymes from microbes, is added to penicillins |
| Macrolide Polyenes and Azoles | AntiFungal , Causes loss of membrane permeability |
| Most used drug for Malaria , antiprotozoan | Artemisinin |
| Quinine, Chloroquine, and Primaquine are | Antiprotozoans |
| Broad spectrum drugs for Roundworms | Mebendazoles and Albendazoles |
| Drugs for Fluke and Tapeworms | Praziquantel and Ivermectin |
| Define Antegen | The way a drug acts that causes a allergic reaction |
| Drug that inhibits DNA synthesis | Fluoroquinolones |
Created by:
scones and joe
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