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Behavioral Sciences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contribution of Franz Gall in neuropsychology | developed idea of phrenology, the idea that if a particular trait was well-developed, then the part of the brain responsible for that trait would expand |
| Contribution of Pierre Flourens in neuropsychology | used extirpation (also known as ablation) on animals, which included removing various parts of the brain and observing the behavioral consequences |
| Contribution of William James in neuropsychology | one of the first people in functionalism, the idea that psychology should study how mental processes adapt to their environments |
| COntribution of John Dewey in neuropsychology | believed that psych should focus on the study of the organisms as a whole as it functioned to adapt to the environment, instead of only certain parts |
| Contribution of Paul Broca in neuropsychology | found the "Broca's area" that gives you the ability to speak |
| contribution of Hermann von Helmholtz | first the measure the speed of a nerve impulse. |
| contribution of Sir Charles Sherrington in neuropsychology | first to believe in the existence of synapses |
| What is the function of afferent neurons and the direction of their signals? | sensory neurons. They collect signals from the PNS and send it to the CNS |
| What is the function of efferent neurons and the direction of their signals? | motor neurons. They collect signals from the CNS and send it to the PNS |
| Function of the reflex arc | consists of sensory neurons and interneurons. associated with reflexive behavior |
| Which nervous system are the olfactory and optic nerves a part of? | peripheral nervous system (even though they are an extension of the CNS) |
| Function of the somatic nervous system | extension of PNS. consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed around the body. controls most voluntary movement |
| function of the autonomic nervous system | extension of PNS. controls most involuntary movements |
| function of the parasympathetic nervous system | division of the autonomic nervous system. works to conserve energy. mnemonic for it is "rest-and-digest" |
| function of the sympathetic nervous system | division of the autonomic nervous system. reacts to stress. mnemonic for it is "fight-or-flight" |
| What are the three layers of the meninges from interior to exterior? | pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater |
| earilest evolutionary parts of the brain | hindbrain and midbrain (contain functions necessary for survival) |
| function of limbic system | emotion and memory |
| What is the cerebral cortex and what are some of its functions? | the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres. just a few of its functions: language processing, problem solving, impulse control, long term planning |
| What parts of the brain are included in the forebrain? | cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus |
| what parts of the brain are included in the midbrain? | inferior and superior colliculi |
| what parts of the brain are included in the hindbrain? | cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation |
| general functions of the forebrain | complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes |
| general functions of the midbrain | involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual or auditory stimuli |
| general functions of the hindbrain | balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, general arousal (sleeping and waking) |
| what embryonic structures form the medulla oblongata, and the pons and cerebellum? (respectively) | the myelencephalon, and the metencephalon |
| function of the medulla oblongata | vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure |
| function of the pons | provides sensory and motor pathways between the cortex and medulla. |
| function of the cerebellum | maintains posture, balance, and coordinates body movements (alcohol affects this part of the brain) |
| function of the superior colliculi | receives visual sensory input |
| function of inferior colliculi | receives auditory sensory input |
| function of the thalamus | recieves incoming sensory information (except for smell) and relays them to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex |
| function of the hypothalamus | homeostatic functions |
| function of lateral hypothalamus | triggers eating and drinking. (mnemonic: when this is destroyed, one "lacks hunger") |
| function of the ventromedial hypothalamus | provides signals to stop eating. (mnemonic: when this is destroyed, one is "very much hungry) |
| function of the anterior hypothalamus | controls sexual behavior. (mnemonic: when this is destroyed, one is "asexual") |
| function of the basal ganglia | coordinates muscle movement and helps make our movements smooth and our posture steady. |
| main 3 structures of the limbic system | septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus |
| function of the septal nuclei | primary pleasure center in the brain |
| function of the amygdala | role in defensive and aggressive behaviors, including fear and rage. |
| function of hippocampus | role in learning and memory processes. |
| effect of acetylcholine | linked to attention and arousal in the CNS |
| types of catecholamines and their effects | epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. they are linked to emotion |
| epinephrine and norepinephrine effect | control alertness and wakefulness. promote the "fight-or-flight" response |
| dopamine effect | role in smooth movements and maintaining postural stability |
| serotonin effect | plays a role in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming |
| gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) effect | produces inhibitory post-synaptic potentials and is thought to play a role is stablizing neuronal activity in brain |
| glycine effect | inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS by increasing chloride influx into the neuron |
| glutamate effect | excitatory neurotransmitter |
| endorphin effect | (most important neuropeptide to know) natural painkiller |
| Weber's law | focuses on ratio between the change in stimulus and its original value |
| sclera | the white of the eye |
| retina | contains the photoreceptors that transduce light into electrical information the brain can process |
| cornea | domelike window in the front of eye that gathers and focuses incoming light |
| dilatory pupillae | muscel in iris that opens the |
Created by:
jbomalley
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