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Hemopoietic System
chp 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the production of all types of blood cells generated by a remarkable self-regulated system that is responsive to the demands put upon it? | Hematopoiesis |
| What is the BODILY SYSTEM OF ORGANS & TISSUES (primarily the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes) involved in the production of blood? | Hematopoietic System |
| What are the COMPONENTS of the HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM? | Blood, Lymphatic tissue, Bone marrow & Spleen |
| What does CIRCULATING BLOOD consist of? | 55% Plasma & 45% Blood cells |
| What are the COMPONENTS of PLASMA? | 90% water & 10% solutes = Proteins, Glucose, Amino acids & Lipids |
| What are the COMPONENTS of BLOOD CELLS? | Erythrocytes, Leukocytes & Thrombocytes |
| What are ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)? | RED BLOOD CELLS that are small, biconcave shaped disks that may contain antigens to determine blood type |
| How do ERYTHROCYTES transport? | Via Hemoglobin |
| What do ERYTHROCYTES transport? | Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide to and from organs of the body |
| What is ANEMIA? | having LESS THAN NORMAL oxygen or carbon dioxide transportation = < 12 g/100ml |
| What is a HEMATOCRIT? | A LAB TEST to determine total % of RBCs in blood volume |
| How are ERYTHROCYTES formed? | by Hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow |
| How long do ERYTHROCYTES live? | approximately 120 days |
| How are aged RBC removed? | By the spleen, liver & bone marrow |
| What are the BLOOD TYPES? | O (no antigen & is the UNIVERSAL DONOR), A antigen, B antigen, AB antigen (& is the UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT), Type AB |
| What is AGGLUTINATION? | Clumping of RBCS when held together by antibodies |
| What are LEUKOCYTES (WBC)? | WHITE BLOOD CELLS (normal range 5000-9000 per ml) that can be GRANULAR or NONGRANULAR & are larger than RBCs |
| Where are GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES formed? | In red bone marrow |
| How long may GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES live? | may live for 14 days |
| Where are NONGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES formed? | In lymph system |
| How long may NONGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES live? | may live for years |
| What do WBC do? | “attack” & phagocytose foreign substances |
| A change in # of LEUKOCYTES (WBC) may indicate what? | A disease process |
| What are THROMBOCYTES? | “Platelets” that are necessary for proper blood clotting (respond within seconds to initiate coagulation) |
| Where are THROMBOCYTES formed? | In myeloid tissue within red bone marrow |
| How long may THROMBOCYTES live? | Life span of 10 days |
| What system assures immunity through production of lymphocytes and antibodies, and is responsible for manufacturing blood under certain circumstances? | Lymphatic System |
| What system is responsible for fat absorption from intestinal tract? | Lymphatic System |
| What are components of the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM? | Lymphatic Vessels & Lymph Nodes |
| What do LYMPHATIC VESSELS contain? | lymph (a milky liquid substance) |
| What are LYMPH NODES? | Small ovoid bodies (chained) along vessels |
| What do LYMPH NODES do? | Filter particles & foreign materials from blood, Become enlarged when infection is present |
| Where are LYMPH NODES located? | In regions of neck, mediastinum, axillary, retroperitoneal, & pelvic areas |
| The SPLEEN is part of what SYSTEM? | Lymphatic System |
| What role does the SPLEEN have? | Produces lymphocytes and plasma cells, Stores RBCs, Functions in phagocytosis |
| Can the SPLEEN be removed? | Yes it may rupture with abdominal trauma and it may be removed without detrimental effects |
| What are LYMPHOCYTES? | Mature cells that are most important in the development of immunity |
| Which cells are the most RADIOSENSITIVE? | LYMPHOCYTES |
| What do LYMPHOCYTES do? | Work with macrophages to ingest foreign substances & process specific foreign antigens |
| Which cells have an EFFECT on ORGAN TRANSPLANTS? | LYMPHOCYTES |
| What are different types of LYMPHOCYTES? | T lymphocytes (derived from thymus gland)& B lymphocytes (derived from bone marrow) |
| Which LYMPHOCYTES are derived from the THYMUS GLAND? | T lymphocytes |
| Which LYMPHOCYTES are derived from BONE MARROW? | B lymphocytes |
| What can have a harmful effect on blood marrow & lymphoid tissue? | Radiation Exposure |
| How much dose can cause a detectable change in blood cells? | A whole body dose of 0.5-0.75 Gy (50-75 rad) |
| What are the most radiosensitive blood cells? | Lymphocytes, Leukocytes & Thrombocytes |
| What may reduce patient immunity? | Radiation treatments |
| What modality has a limited role in diagnosis & treatment of hemopoietic conditions? | Radiography |
| Which RADIOGRAPHIC exams are helpful in diagnosis & treatment of hemopoietic conditions? | skeletal & chest x-rays |
| Which modality is used for central nervous system & bone marrow imaging? | CT & MRI |
| Abdominal CTs are used to detect what? | Lymph Node enlargement |
| What STANDARD PRECAUTIONS should be taken to ensure safety against blood borne pathogens? | The use of gloves, gown, mask, face shield, proper needle disposal and handwashing !! |
| What does AIDS stand for? | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
| How is AIDS caused? | Caused by 2 related human immunodeficiency retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) and was first recognized in 1981 |
| What is AIDS directly linked to? | An increased incidence of MALIGNANCIES |
| AIDS is the most common disease associated with what? | Lymphocytopenia or Lymphocyte Depletion |
| What inhibits body’s response to presence of various diseases? | HIV-1 and HIV-2 |
| Which disease paralyzes normal immune mechanisms in body which results in severe immunosuppression (AIDS) and was identified in 1984? | HIV-1 |
| Which disease is responsible for most cases in the Western Hemisphere? | HIV-1 |
| Which disease is more virulent: HIV-1 or HIV-2? | HIV-1 |
| Which disease is the principal agent of AIDS in West Africa? | HIV-2 |
| What are the Signs & Symptoms of HIV-AIDS? | Lymphadenopathy, Malaise, Fever, Joint pain, Weight loss, Nausea & vomiting, Diarrhea, Leukopenia, Anemia and Thrombocytopenia |
| What disease may affect anyone but is seen most frequently in homosexual & bisexual men and IV drug users? | HIV-AIDS |
| What is HIV-AIDS? | A virus transmitted by sexual contact & exposure to infected blood & body fluids |
| What are one of most common infections of HIV-AIDS? | TB, but Pneumocystis carinii and bacterial pneumonias are also common |
| What is the most common malignancy in AIDS that affects 25-30% of patients? | Kaposi’s Sarcoma |
| What does Kaposi’s Sarcoma affect? | Most often affects Skin, Lymph Nodes & GI System but also affects connective tissue |
| What disease radiographically presents as hilar adenopathy, nodular pulmonary infiltrates & pleural effusion? | Kaposi’s Sarcoma |
| What type of Kaposi’s is most frequent? | Endobronchial Kaposi’s |
| What disease involves bone 90% of the time and most frequently affects pelvis, spine, ribs & skull? | Multiple Myeloma |
| What is the disease of plasma cells that results in cell proliferation, has an unknown etiology & is usually confined to bone marrow? | Multiple Myeloma |
| What is the typical age and prognosis for a patient with multiple myeloma? | Usually over 40 years of age and a poor prognosis with survival usually lasting only 2-3 years |
| What causes multiple myeloma? | Abnormal plasma cells produce large amounts of protein and forms discrete tumors that weaken affected bone & disrupts normal renal function |
| What are symptoms of multiple myeloma? | bone pain, anemia, fatigue, bleeding disorders, renal problems, hypercalcemia & recurrent bacterial infections |
| How may multiple myeloma present itself on an x-ray ? | Demonstrates punched-out, osteolytic regions, osteoporosis and may demonstrate pathologic & vertebral compression fractures. |
| What modality is useful in detecting multiple myeloma in its early stages? | MRI (30% bone loss is needed for x-ray). |
| What is the disease of leukocytes resulting in overproduction of white blood cells & has an unknown etiology? | Leukemia |
| What disease may be associated with exposure to irradiation & certain chemicals? | Leukemia |
| What may leukemia lead to? | May lead to anemia, bleeding & infection. |
| What disease may be classified as acute or chronic & accounts for 35% of all cancer deaths in children under 15 years? | Leukemia |
| What are some methods in attempting treatment for leukemia? | All forms of leukemia require cell destruction by irradiation or antileukemic drug therapy and bone marrow transplants may be attempted. Survival depends on complete remission. |
| What disease is the malignancy of lymph cells, its incidence increases with age & has an unknown etiology? | Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma |
| What disease is the most common type of lymphoma? | Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma |
| Where in the body is Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma found? | Lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, liver & GI system |
| Patients with Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma present with? | lymphadenopathy & possible anemia |
| How might Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma be diagnosed & treated? | CT of abdomen & pelvis or bone biopsy. Treatment includes chemotherapy & radiation therapy. |
| What is Hodgkin’s Disease? | Type of lymphoma affecting lymphoid tissue, usually has retroperitoneal node distribution & an unknown etiology. |
| Who does Hodgkin’s Disease commonly affect? | Men with ages 20-40 & those over 60. |
| What symptoms do patients with Hodgkin’s Disease usually present with? | malaise, fever, anorexia & enlarged lymph nodes |
| How is Hodgkin’s Disease most often diagnosed & treated? | with CT & commonly treated with radiation & chemotherapy. |
Created by:
MadameButterfly01
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