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WGU BIOCHEM Module 4
Carbohydrate Metabolism
| __________________ pathways are building pathways in which new larger molecules are made from smaller molecules | anabolic |
| ________________ pathways are breakdown pathways, in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules | catabolic |
| _____________________ is the main molecule used to provide energy to metabolic pathways in the cell | adenosine triphosphate (atp) |
| metabolism | creation and destruction of molecules |
| the series of biochemical reactions needed to go from a raw material to the final product | metabolic pathway |
| "genesis" | to make or form |
| "lysis" | to break |
| glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce CO2 and H20. releasing energy that is used to add a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (dap) to form atp. this catabolic pathway is called ______________ | cellular respiration |
| without available oxygen, only ____________ can be used to produce ATP | glucose |
| when oxygen is available, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids can all be broken down to yield two-carbon units that form a molecule called ______________ | acetyl-CoA |
| to form acetyl-CoA from glucose, the glucose must first be split in half by a pathway in the cell cytosol called _____________ | glycolysis |
| to from acteyl-Coa from fatty acids, the carbon chains are broken into two-carbon units by a pathway in the mitochondria called ________________ | beta-oxidation |
| in the __________________ cycle or ____________ cycle, the two carbons of acetyl-CoA are removed one at a time, forming CO2, releasing electrons, and indirectly generating a small amount of ATP | citric acid; krebs |
| the ________________ consists of a series of molecules that accept electrons from the shuttling molecules and pass them from one to another | electron transport chain |
| a molecule that loses an electron is said to be ____________ and one that gains an electron is said to be ______________ | oxidized, reduced |
| oxidative phosphorylation | generates the majority of all ATP and is the culminating process of cellular respiration |
| when oxygen accepts electrons, it is reduced and forms a molecule of _________ | water |
| glycogen is a storage form of _________________ | carbohydrate |
| carbohydrate formula | C(x) H(2x) O(x) |
| 3 monosaccharides | glucose, fructose, galactose |
| 3 disaccharides | sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| 3 complex polysaccharides | starches, cellulose, glycogen |
| ______ transporters have a strong affinity for binding glucose and allowing it entry into the cell by a process known as ________________ | GluT; facilitated diffusion |
| glycolysis is when a six-carbon molecule is broken down into two three-carbon _____________ molecules | pyruvate |
| glycolysis pathway results in the net production of two _______ and two __________ molecules | ATP; NADH |
| ______________ from glycolysis is converted to a two-carbon molecule called ______________ in the matrix of the mitochondria | pyruvate; acetyl-CoA |
| the citric acid cycle is 8 enzymatic reactions that convert _______________ to _______ and transfers the electrons to the electron carrying molecules __________ and _____________ | acetyl-CoA; CO2; NADH; FADH2 |
| __________________ is the branch point for aerobic and anaerobic catabolism of glucose | pyruvate |
| when oxygen is not present, pyruvate is converted to lactate via ______________ and enters the cori cycle | fermentation |
| ________________ takes excess pyruvate and converts it back into glucose for transport or storage | gluconeogenesis |
| the _______________ provides for a continuous supply of glucose to tissues that require it as their primary energy source, such as RBCs | cori cycle |
| ____ molecules of ATP are needed for gluconeogenesis to occur, while only ____ ATP are produced by glycolysis. this means that the cori cycle results in a net loss of ____ ATP per glucose molecule | 6; 2; 4 |
| _______________ is the process by which glucose is formed from noncarbohydrates (amino acids, lactate, etc) | gluconeogenesis |
| glycogen | stores carbohydrates |
| the hormone __________ stimulates liver and skeletal muscle cells to carry out glycogenesis, the synthesis of glycogen | insulin |
| the process of splitting glycogen into its glucose subunits is called ______________ | glycogenolysis |
| 2 main hormones that control blood glucose levels | insulin and glucagon |
| insulin is produced in the ______ cells of the pancreas and is released in response to __________ blood glucose levels | beta; increased |
| glucagon is produced in the ________ cells of the pancreas and is released in response to _______ blood glucose levels | alpha; low |
| insulin stimulates the uptake and storage of ___________ from the blood. This results in __________ glycogenesis as well as fatty acid synthesis | glucose; increased |
| glucagon stimulates the production of ________________ via __________________ by the liver as well as fatty acid and amino acid catabolism for energy | glucose; gluconeogenesis |
| type 1 diabetes | autoimmune disease in which the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, thus impairing insulin production |
| type 2 diabetes | insulin resistance |
| ______________ is the reaction in which a covalent bond forms between a sugar molecule and a protein or lipid molecule without the aid of an enzyme; makes it more stiff and inflexible | glycation |
| glycation leads to ______ that contribute to disease like arterial hardening, retinopathy, and neuropathy | AGEs (advanced glycogen end products) |
| the glycated form of hemoglobin is called _________ | A1C |
| the percentage of A1C under normal conditions is usually less than _____% of hemoglobin | 5% |
| ______________ works by inhibition of gluconeogensis and increasing translocation of GluT4 transporters to cellular membranes | metformin |
| reduction in liver gluconeogenesis, caused by metformin, can help lower blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes, however it can also increase the risk of _____________________ | lactic acidosis |
| during lactic acidosis, hemoglobin is more likely to _________ oxygen | release |
| the polysaccharide cellulose is composed of sugar monomers linked through ___________ linkages, with either CH2OH groups in ________ direction relative to the neighboring monomer | beta; opposite |
| glycolysis produces two ATP molecules through __________________ | substrate level phosphorylation |
| what process is shared between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism? | glycolysis |
| which process is stimulated when glucagon is released into the bloodstream | glycogenolysis |
| which process is stimulated when insulin is released into the bloodstream | glycogenesis |
| the largest source of energy storage in the normal human body is ____________ in ______________ tissue | triglycerides; adipose |
| aerobically metabolized glucose produces ______ ATP via glycolysis, substrate level phosphorylation, and oxidative phosphorylation | 30 |
| electron transport chain takes place in the inner membrane of the __________ | mitochondria |
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kinseycharles
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