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Chapter 12- final
Chapter 12 final class 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Average weight of the adult liver | 3-4lbs |
| Which abdominal quadrant contains the gallbladder? | RUQ |
| What is the name of the soft tissue structure that separates the right and left lobe of liver? | falciform ligament |
| Which lobe of the liver is larger, right or left? | right |
| List the other two lobes of the liver(in addition to right and left lobes): | quadrate and caudate |
| T/F the liver performs more than 100 functions? | TRUE |
| T/F the average adult liver produces 1 gallon or 300 to 400 m of bile per day | FALSE- 1 quart, 800-1000ml |
| 3 primary functions of the gallbladder: | 1. store bile 2. concentrate bile 3. contract when stimulated |
| T/F concentrated levels of cholesterol in bile may lead to gallstone? | TRUE |
| What is a common site for impaction, or lodging, of gallstones? | Duodenal papilla |
| T/F in about 40% of individuals, the end of the common bile ducting the end of the pancreatic duct are totally separated into two ducts rather than combining into one single passageway into the duodenum | TRUE |
| T/F an older term for the main pancreatic duct is the duct of vater | False Answer: ampulla of vater |
| The gallbladder is located more__________(posteriorly or anteriorly) within the abdomen | anteriorly |
| Cholecystocholangiography is the examination of the | bile ducts |
| 4 advantages of a gallbladder ultrasound instead of the outdated OCG procedure: | 1. non-ionizing radiation 2. better detection of small calculi 3. no contrast 4. less patient prep |
| Which imaging modality produces cholescintigraphy? | nuclear medicine |
| Cholelithiasis | condition of having gallstones |
| Cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| Biliary stenosis | narrowing of the biliary ducts |
| Cholecystectomy | surgical removal of the gallbaldder |
| 7 major components of the alimentary canal | 1. mouth 2. pharynx 3. esophagus 4. small intestine 5. large intestine 6. anus 7. stomach |
| 4 accessory organs of digestion | 1. salivary glands 2. liver 3. gallbladder 4. pancreas |
| 3 primary functions of the digestive system | intake absorption elimination |
| Neoplasm | |
| Choledocholithiasis | enlargement or narrowing of the biliary ducts because of the process of stones |
| 2 terms referring to a radiographic examination of the pharynx and esophagus | esophagogram and barium swallow |
| Which term describes the radiographic study of the distal esophagus, stomach and duodenum? | upper GI |
| Which 3 parts of the salivary glands are accessory organs of digestion associated with the mouth? | 1. parotid 2. sublingual 3. submandibular |
| Act of swallowing | deglutition |
| 3 divisons of the pharynx | 1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx |
| What structures create 2 indentations seen along the later boarder of the esophagus? | 1. aortic arch 2. left primary bronchus |
| What part of the upper GI tract is a common site for ulcer disease ? | duodenal bulb or cap |
| What term describes the junction between the duodenum and jejunum? | duodenojejunal flexure |
| The c-loop of the duodenal and pancreas are ________(intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal) structures | retroperitoneal |
| T/F the body of the stomach curves inferiorly and posteriorly from the fundus | |
| Another term for a mucosal fold of the stomach is | rugae |
| Peristaltic activity is NOT found in which of the following structures? a. pharynx b. Esophagus c. Stomach d. small intestine | a. pharynx |
| Stomach contents are churned into a semifluid mass called: | chyme |
| A churning or mixing activity present in the small bowel is called: | rhythmic segmentation |
| Biologic catalyst that speed up the digestion process are called: | enzymes |
| List the end products of digestion for the following classes of food: 1. Carbohydrates- 2. Lipids- 3. Proteins- | 1. sugar 2. fatty acids or glycerol 3. amino acids |
| What is the name of the liquid substance that aids in digestion and is manufactured in the liver and stored in the gallbladder? | bile |
| Absorption of nutrients primarily takes place in(a) _________, although some substances are absorbed through the lining of the (b)_________. | a. small intestine b. stomach |
| Any residues of digestion or unabsorbed digestive products are eliminated from the _________ as a component of feces | large bowel |
| Peristalsis is an example of which type digestion? | mechanical |
| Which term describes food once it is mixed with gastric secretions in the stomach? | chyme |
| A high and transverse stomach would be found in a(n)_______ patient | hypersthenic |
| A j-shaped stomach that is more vertical and lower in the abdomen with the duodenal bulb at the level of L3-L4 would be found in a(n)__________ patient | hypersthenic |
| On average, how much will abdominal organs drop in the erect position? | 2.5-5 cm |
| Name the 2 abdominal organs most dramatically affected, in relation to location, by body habitus: | gallbladder and large intestine |
| Would the fundus of the stomach be more superior or more inferior when one takes in a deep breath? | inferior because of the proximity to the diaphragm |
| T/F with the use of digital fluoroscopy, the number of post fluoroscopy radiographs ordered has greatly diminished. | TRUE |
| Another term for a negative contrast medium is __________. | radiolucent |
| What substance is most commonly ingested to produce carbon dioxide gas as a negative contrast medium for gastrointestinal studies? | CO2 gas crystals |
| What is the most common form of positive contrast medium used for studies of the gastrointestinal system? | barium sulfate |
| Is a mixture of barium sulfate a suspension or a solution? | suspension |
| T/F barium sulfate never dissolves in water | TRUE |
| T/F certain salts of barium are poisonous to humans, so barium contrast studies require a pure sulfate salt of barium for human consumption during GI studies | TRUE |
| What is the ratio of water to barium for a thin mixture of barium sulfate? | 1 part barium to 1 part water |
| When is the use of barium sulfate contraindicated? | if there is any chance the mixture might escape into peritoneal cavity |
| What patient condition prevents the use of water-soluble contrast medium for an upper GI? | iodine sensitivity |
| What is the major advantage for using a double-contrast medium technique for esophagrams and upper GIs? | providing better coating and visibility of mucosa |
| The speed with which barium sulfate passes through the GI tract is called gastric: | motility |
| What is the purpose of the gas with a double-contrast medium technique | forces barium against mucosa |
| Which of the following devices on a digital fluoroscopy system converts the analog into a digital signal? a. PACS b. light converter c. CCD d. OTS | c. CCD |
| What device (found beneath the radiographic table when correctly positioned) greatly reduces the exposure to the technologist from the fluoroscopic X-ray tube? | buck slot shield @ the far end of the table |
| What is the minimum level of protective apron worn during fluoroscopy? | 0.5mm |
| What is the major benefit of using a compression paddle during an upper GI study? | reduces exposure to the arms and hands of the radiologist |
| The 3 cardinal principles of radiation protection | time, shielding and distance |
| Which one of the three cardinal principles is most effective in reducing exposure to the technologist during a fluoroscopic procedure? | distance |
| 4 advantaged or unique features and capabilities of digital fluoroscopy over conventional fluoroscopic recording systems: | 1. multiple frames 2. cine loop capability 3. optimal post fluoro overhead image 4. image enhancement |
| Which capability on most digital fluoroscopy systems demonstrates dynamic flow of contrast media through the GI tract? | cine loop placement |
| Dysphagia | difficultly in swallowing |
| Barrett's esophagus | replacement of normal squamous epithelium within columnar epithelium |
| Esophageal varices | are extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins of the esophagus. They are most often a consequence of portal hypertension, commonly due to cirrhosis; patients with esophageal varices have a strong tendency to develop bleeding. may be secondary to cirrhosis of li |
| Zenker's diverticulum | large outpouching of the esophagus |
| Achalasia | also called cardiospasm, is a rare disease of the muscle of the lower esophageal body and the lower esophageal sphincter that prevents relaxation of the sphincter and an absence of contractions, or peristalsis, of the esophagus |
| Carcinoma of esophagus | most common form is adenocarcinoma |
| Hiatal hernia | portion of stomach protruding through the diaphragmatic opening |
| Gastric carcinoma | double-contrast upper GI is recommended for this type of tumor |
| Bezoar | undigested material trapped in stomach |
| Hematemesis | blood in vomit |
| Gastritis | Inflammation of lining of stomach |
| Perforating ulcer | an ulcer extending through the wall of an organ & only 5% of ulcers lead to this condition |
| Peptic ulcer | Synonymous with gastric or duodenal ulcer |
| Diverticula | blind outpouching of the mucosal wall, weak spot |
| Which procedure is often performed to detect early signs of GERD? | endoscopy |
| Which specific structure of the gastrointestinal system is affected by HPS? (hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, lung infection) | antral muscle |
| Which imaging modality is most effective in diagnosing HPS while reducing dose to the patient? | ultrasound |
| NPO | nothing by mouth |
| T/F the patient must be NPO for 4 to 6 hours before an esophagram | false, 8 hours |
| T/F the esophagogram usually begins with fluoroscopy with the patient in the erect poison | TRUE |
| What materials may be used for swallowing to aid in the diagnosis of radiolucent foreign bodies in the esophagus? | barium soaked in cotton balls |
| The 4 radiographic tests that may be performed to detect signs of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) | 1. water test 2. breathing exercises 3. compression technique 4. toe-touch maneuver |
| A breathing technique in which the patient takes in a deep breath and bears down is called the | valsalva maneuver |
| What position is the patient usually placed in during the water test? | LPO |
| Which region of the GI tract is better visualized when the radiologist uses a compression paddle during an esophagram? | esophagogastric junction |
| What type of contrast medium should be used if the patient has a history of bowel perforation? | oral, water-soluble iodine |
| What is the minimum amount of time that the patient should be NPO before an upper GI? | 8 hours |
| Why should cigarette use and gum chewing be restricted before an upper GI? | both increase gastric secretion |
| What hand does the patient usually hold the barium cup during the start of the upper GI? | left |
| What type of fluoroscopy generator is recommended for pediatric procedures? | pulsed, grid controlled fluoroscopy |
| Which one of the following modalities is an alternative to an esophagram in detecting esophageal varices? a. nuclear medicine b. computed tomography c. sonography d. endoscopy | d. endoscopy |
| Gastric | |
| How much rotation of the body should be used for the RAO projection of the esophagus? | 35 to 45 degrees |
| Why is the RAO preferred over the the LAO for the esophagram? | the RAO places the esophagus between the vertical column and heart |
| Which optional position should be performed to demonstrate the upper esophagus located between the shoulders? | optional swimmer lateral |
| The 3 most common routine projections for an esophagram are: | RAO, Lateral, AP |
| Which aspect of the GI tract is best demonstrated with an RAO position during an upper GI? | pylorus of stomach and c-loop |
| How much rotation of the body is required for the RAO position during an upper GI on a sthenic patient? | 40 to 70 degrees |
| What is the average kV range for an esophagram and upper GI when using barium sulfate (single contrast study)? | 100 to 125 kV |
| Which aspect of the upper GI tract will be filled with barium in the PA projection (prone position)? | the body and pylorus of stomach and the duodenal bulb |
| What CR angle is required for the PA axial projection for a hypersthenic patient during an upper GI? | 35 to 45 degrees cephalad |
| What is the recommended kV range for a double-contrast upper GI projection? | 90 to 100 kV |
| The upper GI series usually begins with the table and patient in the ____________position | upright or erect |
| The major parts of the stomach on an average patient are usually confined to which abdominal quadrant? | LUQ |
| Most of the duodenum is usually found to the_______(right or left) of the midline on a sthenic patient | right |
| T/F respiration should be suspended during inspiration for the upper GI projection | FALSE |
| 3 subdivisions of the stomach are | body, fundus, pylorus |
| The 5 most common routine projections for an upper GI series are (not counting a possible AP scout projection): | RAO,PA,AP,LPA, Right Lateral |
| GERD | Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the esophagus and stomach. Many people, including pregnant women, suffer from heartburn or acid indigestion because of GERD |
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Hmaeesomy
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