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Unit 4
Course 5011
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The Law of Effect | Organisms learn through the consequences of their actions. |
| Edward Lee Thorndike | The Law of Effect |
| Burrhus Frederick Skinner | The Experimental Analysis of Behavior The Operant Chamber (“Skinner Box”) Principles of Operant Conditioning Radical Behaviorism Analysis of Verbal Behavior The Cumulative Recorder Programmed Instruction |
| Operant Behavior | Behavior that has an effect on the environment and is primarily under the control of its consequences. |
| Operant selection | This process of behavioral variability, selection by consequences, and behavioral reproduction occurs throughout the organism’s lifetime. |
| Simplest type of operant contingency | R-S (Response-Stimulus) |
| Reinforcement | An environmental change that follows a response and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior. |
| Punishment | Occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions. |
| Positive reinforcement | An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, that increases or maintains the future frequency of that response. |
| Negative reinforcement | An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn or removed) or attenuated following a response, and which increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior. |
| SR+ | Unconditioned Positive Reinforcement |
| Sr+ | Conditioned Positive Reinforcement |
| SR- | Unconditioned Negative Reinforcement |
| Sr- | Conditioned Negative Reinforcement |
| SP+ | Unconditioned Positive Punishment |
| SP- | Unconditioned Negative Punishment |
| Sp- | Conditioned Negative Punishment |
| Extinction | The discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior. |
| Automaticity | Behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness. |
| Premack Principle | If the opportunity to engage in a “preferred” or “high-probability” behavior is made contingent on engaging in a “less preferred” behavior, the future duration or frequency of the “less preferred” behavior will increase. |
| Reinforcer | A stimulus that, when presented following a response, increases or maintains the future frequency of that response. |
| Unconditioned Reinforcer | A stimulus that, usually, is reinforcing without any prior learning; that is, its effect is due to phylogenic provenance. |
| Conditioned Reinforcer | A stimulus that initially has no innate reinforcing properties, but acquires reinforcing properties through pairing with unconditioned reinforcers or powerful conditioned reinforcers. |
| Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer | A conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers and which is effective for a wide range of behaviors. |
| Escape | Behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus. |
| Avoidance | Terminates a “warning” stimulus; prevents or delays the onset of the aversive stimulus. |
| warning stimulus | A conditioned aversive stimulus whose presence is correlated with the upcoming onset of an unconditioned aversive stimulus. |
| unsignaled avoidance | No clear warning stimulus, but a response can still delay or prevent the occurrence of the aversive event. |
| Automatic Reinforcement | The response itself directly produces the reinforcing consequence. That is, the consequence is NOT mediated by another person. |
| Socially Mediated Reinforcement | The consequence is mediated by another person. |
| Planned reinforcement | A person explicitly arranged the contingency. |
| Unplanned reinforcement | The contingency was not explicitly arranged. |
| Operant Extinction | The process by which a previously reinforced behavior is weakened by withholding reinforcement. |
| Operant Spontaneous Recovery | The sudden and temporary reappearance of a behavior following extinction. |
| Resurgence | The reappearance of a previously extinguished behavior during the extinction of a more recently reinforced behavior. |
| Unconditioned Punisher | A stimulus that, usually, is punishing without any prior learning; that is, its effect is due to phylogenic provenance (genetics). |
| Conditioned Punisher | A stimulus that initially has no innate punishing properties, but acquires punishing properties through pairing with unconditioned punishers or powerful conditioned punishers. |
| Positive Punishment | An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, that decreases the future frequency of that response. |
| Negative Punishment | An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn, removed) or attenuated following a response, which decreases the future frequency of that behavior. |
| Time-out from positive reinforcement | A procedure based on the principle of negative punishment; the organism cannot access (generally specified) reinforcers. |
| Recovery from Punishment | The process by which a previously punished behavior is strengthened by withholding punishment. |
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LadyTEACH86
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