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Final Review Sem. 1
Radiographic Procedures 1: RTE 121 Aims Community College
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| SID for PA Chest radiograph | 72 inches |
| Why is the left lateral chest position the most commonly used for lateral radiographs? | The patient's heart is closer to the IR |
| What is the respiration phase for the AP axial projection of the pulmonary apices? | Inspiration |
| The space between the two pleural walls is called the ____. | Pleural cavity |
| The space between the two layers of peritoneum is called the _____. | Peritoneal cavity |
| What is the name of the hooklike process on the last tracheal cartilage? | Carina |
| What is the optimal respiration phase for a PA or lateral chest radiograph? | Full inspiration of second breath |
| What is the recommended/ideal SID for a supine AP chest radiograph? | 72 inches |
| Demonstrating small amounts of intraperitoneal gas in patients with an acute abdomen is often necessary. How long should the patient ideally lie in the left lateral position before the radiograph is made? | 10-20 minutes |
| The right lung is about how much shorter than the left? | 1 inch |
| The presence of gas or air in the pleural cavity is termed __________ | pneumothorax |
| What is the inspiration phase for an AP or PA abdominal radiograph done in the upright position? | Expiration--according to Merrill's this is the correct answer, but practically speaking, we use inspiration. |
| The serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic walls is called the ________. | Peritoneum |
| Where is the center of the IR positioned for an AP abdominal radiograph done in the upright position? | 2 inches above iliac crests |
| Where should the top of the IR be positioned for a supine AP chest radiograph? | 1.5-2 inches above relaxed shoulders |
| How far should the patient stand in front of the grid device before leaning backward for the lordotic position? | 1 foot |
| Which of the following radiographs are usually taken on a patient who is suspected of having a small amount of free air in the pleural cavity? 1. One Exposure on full inspiration 2. One Exposure on full expiration 3. AP, R or L lateral decubitus | One exposure on full inspiration and one exposure on full expiration |
| If the patient cannot be placed in the lordotic position for radiography of the pulmonary apices, what is the central-ray angle that can be used to project the clavicles above the apices? | 15-20 degrees cephalic |
| Which of the following are required to produce a radiograph using a decubitus position? 1. Breathing technique 2. Patient in the recumbent position 3. Horizontal x-ray beam | Patient in the recumbent position and horizontal x-ray beam |
| How far above the shoulders should the IR be positioned for PA and lateral chest radiographs? | 1.5-2 inches |
| If a patient is unable to stand for an upright AP abdominal radiograph, which position should be used if possible? | Left lateral decubitus |
| Ideally, how long should the patient remain in position before making the exposure for a decubitus chest? | 5 minutes |
| According to Merrill's which of the following are clearly shown on a lateral abdomen projection done in the dorsal decubitus position? 1. Prevertebral space 2. air-fluid levels | Both prevertebral space and air-fluid levels |
| After entering the hilum, each primary bronchus divides. How many primary branches are in the right lung? | 3 (for each lobe. Left lung has 2) |
| The smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree is the _______. | Terminal bronchial |
| The lungs are composed of a light, spongy, elastic substance called the ____. | Parenchyma |
| The area between the two lungs is termed the ____. | Mediastinum |
| Which of the following positions of the hand will place the epicondyles parallel with the plane of the IR? A. Lateral B. Pronated C. 45 degree oblique D. Supinated | Supinated |
| Which of the following would be projected free of superimposition for an AP oblique projection of the elbow with medial rotation? A. Olecranon process B. Olecranon fossa C. Coronoid process D. Lateral epicondyle | Coronoid Process |
| What is the name of the tough, fibrous tissue that covers all bony surfaces? | Periosteum |
| How far above the humeral head should the upper margin of the IR be placed for an AP humerus? | 1.5 inches |
| What passes through the carpal tunnel? | Median nerve & flexor tendons |
| What is the point of an internal/medial oblique elbow? | To see the coronoid process in profile. |
| The syndesmosis, sutur, and gomphosis joints belong to which structural joint group? | Fibrous Joints |
| Rotating the arm medially for a lateral projection of the humerus will place the epicondyles ____________ to the plane of the IR. | Perpendicular |
| The shallow depression, located on the anterior side of the distal humerus | Coronoid fossa |
| How many bones does the appendicular skeleton contain? | 126 |
| How many bones does the axial skeleton contain? | 80 |
| What is the name of the method used for the tangential wrist projection? | Gaynor-Hart method |
| What is shown in profile on a lateral projection of the elbow? | Olecranon process |
| Which specific type of joint allows multiaxial movement? | Ball & Socket |
| The red marrow within bones produces | red and white blood cells. |
| Which fat pad lies parallel with the anterior aspect of the proximal radius? | Supinator |
| Flexing the fingers for a PA projection of the wrist causes ______. | Placement of the carpal bones closer to the IR. *Be careful that they're not overflexed and show in metacarpals or even carpals. |
| The posterior fat pad lies in the ________. | olecranon fossa |
| The PA oblique projection of the wrist in lateral rotation requires a wrist angulation of _____ degrees. | 45 |
| After birth, a seperate bone begins to develop at the ends of long bones. Each end is called the ______. | Epiphysis |
| What is shown in profile on a lateral projection of the humerus? | Lesser tubercle |
| The central-ray angle for a PA oblique projection of the wrist is _______. | 0 degrees. |
| The third metacarpal of the hand articulates with the ________ (carpal bone). | Capitate |
| The 1st metacarpal of the hand articulates with the ________ (carpal bone). | Greater multangular/Trapezium |
| The hand consists of how many bones? | 27 |
| If the IR and wrist are placed flat on the table for the PA axial projection of the wrist (Stetcher method), the central ray must be angled ______. | 20 degrees |
| Which of the following projections clearly demonstrates the scaphoid? 1. PA in ulnar flexion 2. 45 degree obliquel rotation 3. PA axial (Stetcher method) | PA in ulnar flexion, PA axial (Stetcher Method) |
| The first bone located on the proximal row and lateral side of the wrist is called the ______. | Scaphoid/Navicular |
| Which specific type of joint only permits flexion and extension? | Hinge |
| For the AP projection of the forearm, the hand is __________. | Supinated. |
| The articulation between the glenoid cavity and the head of the humerus is called the _____. | Scapulohumeral joint |
| The acromial extremity of the clavicle articulates with the ______. | Acromion process of the scapula |
| For an AP projection of the shoulder, the central ray should enter | 1 inch inferior to coracoid process. |
| The PA oblique projection of the shoulder joint (Scapular Y) is performed in what positions? | RAO or LAO -- affected side down. |
| What is prominently shown in profile on an AP projection of the shoulder with the humerus in external rotation? | Greater tubercle |
| All of the joints in the shoulder girdle are | synovial -- freely moveable |
| For an AP projection of the shoulder with the humerus in internal rotation, the epicondyles of the humerus should be _________. | perpendicular to the plane of the IR |
| The scapulohumeral articulation is classified as a _______, ___________ joint. | synovial, ball and socket |
| The central-ray angle for an AP axial projection of the clavicle when performed on a patient in the supine position is _____ degrees. | 15-30 degrees -- more angle for thinner patients |
| When the arm cannot be rotated or abducted due to injury, which method can be used to perform a lateral projection of the shoulder? | Lawrence Method (Transthoracic PROJECTION) |
| If the patient places the palm of the hand against the lateral side of the thigh, the humerus will be in ___________ position. | Nuetral |
| How should the central ray be angled for the AP projection (Pearson method) of the AC joints? | 0 degrees |
| When the patient is positioned properly for a lateral projection of the scapula, the body of the scapula will be _____. | Perpendicular to the IR. |
| The respiration phase for an AP projection of the shoulder should be ______. | Suspended |
| Where should the center of the IR be positioned for a lateral projection (transthoracic) of the shoulder? | Surgical neck |
| For an AP projection of the shoulder with the arm in a neutral position, the epicondyles of the humerus should be ______ to the IR. | at a 45 degree angle |
| The lesser tubercle is situated on which surface of the humerus (when in anatomical position)? | Anterior |
| How far should the arm be abducted for an inferosuperior projection of the shoulder joint? | 45 degrees |
| What bones make up the actual shoulder girdle? | Scapula & clavicle |
| How many degrees is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection (Grashey method) of the shoulder joint? (____ degrees, _____ the affected side) | 35-45 degrees toward the affected side |
| Ideally, how many pounds of weight should be held in each hand for the AP projection of the AC joint? | 5-8 pounds |
| PA oblique projections of the shoulder (scapular Y) is performed to evaluate ______. | Dislocation |
| In order to demonstrate the greater tubercle of the humerus on an AP projection of the shoulder, the epicondyles must be _______ to the IR. | Parallel |
| If your x-ray room has the capability to separate your mA and time, what mA station would you need for a breathing technique of 2 seconds if your total technique is 80 kVp at 80 mAs? | 40 mA |
| The routinely used methods of examining the stomach include which of the following: A. No contrast B. Single Contrast C. Double Contrast | Single contrast and double contrast |
| Which of the following will best demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in profile? | PA oblique, RAO |
| The wall of the esophagus is composed of how many layers of tissue? | 4 |
| Which of the following are advantages of using the recumbent position for radiographs of the esophagus? 1. Varices are better filled. 2. Easier to swallow barium. 3. More complete contrast filling, especially proximal part. | Varices are better filled & more complete contrast filling, especially proximal part |
| What is the average degree of body rotation for an AP oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum? | 45 degrees |
| The PA projection of the stomach best demonstrates the ________. | Stomach contour and duodenal bulb. |
| Which projection of the stomach demonstrates its anterior and posterior surfaces? | Lateral |
| Which of the following are essential oblique projections of the stomach and duodenum? 1. LPO 2. RAO 3. LAO | RAO & LPO |
| The patient prep for a morning stomach examination is: | NPO after midnight |
| Which of the following planes is centered to the grid for a lateral projection of the esophagus? 1. Midcoronal 2. A coronal plane 2 inches anterior to the midcoronal plane 3. a coronal plane 4 inches posterior to the midcoronal plane | Midcoronal |
| Food and fluid should be witheld for how many hours before a stomach examination? | 8 hours |
| Which of the following are the essential projections for an esophagus series? 1. AP or PA 2. Lateral 3. PA oblique | AP or PA, Lateral, and PA oblique |
| What is the degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection of the esophagus? | 35-40 degrees |
| What projection of the stomach would best demonstrate a diaphragmatic herniation? | AP, Trendelenburg's position |
| What contrast mediums are used for examinations of the gastrointestinal tract? | Air, barium sulfate, water-soluble iodinated solution |
| What does ERCP stand for? | Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography |
| What is the central-ray angulation for the PA axial projection of the large intestine? | 30-40 degrees caudal |
| The patient prep for a small intestine examination is: | NPO after the evening meal and no breakfast |
| What is the length of the average adult small intestine? | 22 feet |
| Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the right colic flexure? | LPO/RAO |
| Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the left colic flexure? | LAO/RPO |
| Where is the IR centered for delayed (longer than 30 minutes) radiographs of the small intestine? | At crest |
| At which sagittal plane is the central ray positioned for the PA oblique projections of the large intestine? | The midclavicular longitudinal plane on the elevated side |
| The main functions of the small bowel are: (2) | Digestion of food, absorption of food |
| The degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection of the large intestine is | 35-45 degrees |
| Where is the IR centered for radiographs of the small intestine that are taken within 30 minutes of drinking the barium? | 2 inches above iliac crests |
| The first small intestine radiograph is taken how many minutes after the patient drinks barium? | 15 minutes |
| What is the purpose of the postvoid image during an excretory urogram? | To detect conditions such as small tumors or enlargement of the prostate gland in male patients |
| “Nearly all life-threatening reactions occur immediately or within ___ minutes after contrast injection” – ACR 2008 | 20 minutes Often times they are within a five minutes, but the BEST answer is 20 minutes |
Created by:
Wwatson21
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