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Biochem Exam III
Chapter 15 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mouth | Fats and Amino Acids do not get broken down in the mouth, only carbs |
| Stomach | Where digestion of fats begins by LINGUAL LIPASE (only works on short chain FA) |
| Pancreas | PANCREATIC LIPASE: breaks C1 and C3 bonds of TAG --> DAG and 2 FA. CHOLESTEROL ESTERASE PHOSPHOLIPASE 2 CYSTIC FIBROSIS: clogs pancreatic ducts and leads to decrease pancreatic enzymes, thus issue w fat metabilism |
| Pancreatic Lipase | digestive enzyme found in the pancreas that secreted into SI; breakdown TAG into 2 monoacylglycerol and 2 fatty acids (cleaves C1 and C3) |
| 2 monoacylglycerol | byproduct of the breakdown on TAG by pancreatic lipase (also produces 2 FA) |
| Cholesterol Esterase | lipid digestion that breaksdown cholesterol and its ester (FA) |
| Phospholipase A2 | cleaves phospholipase at C2 to form lysophospholipids; also cleaves arachadonic acid during synthesis of prostaglandins, inhibited by cortisol |
| Orlistat (xenical) | Anti-obesity drug that inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipases (decreases their absorption) |
| Oxaloacetate | Citrate --> Acetyl CoA by ATP CITRATE LYASE realease OAA during FA synthesis |
| Intestine | degradation of dietary proteins occurs in the SI. Chylomicrons are formed in the SI, emulsification of lipids occurs in the SI |
| Micelles | soluble balls of fat that are created in order to bring gat to the intestinal lining of the SI (enterocytes) in order for fat to be re-absorbed, NOT ABSORBED |
| Intestinal Epithelial Cells | "Enterocytes" where fats are absorbed; fat combine into soluble mixed micelles that can appraoch the brush border of the enterocytes to be absorbed. Chylomicrons are assembled in the intestinal mucosal cells |
| Fatty Acyl CoA | FA are only activated when they are bound to a CoA |
| Fatty Acyl CoA Synthetase | enzyme that converts FA into activated fiorm by adding CoA so that they can be resynthesized into TAG, etc. |
| Free Fatty Acids | FA that are not bound to CoA and usually are found bound to ALBUMIN |
| Generation of Palmitate from Glucose | ingest glucose, it is converted into pyruvate in the TCA cycle--> Acetyl CoA and then citrate, Citrate is moved out of mito and converted into acetyl Coa by ATP citrate lyase (uses E and generates an OAA). Acetyl CoA --> Malonyl CoA by Acetyl CoA carboxy |
| Generation of TAGS | FA are activated by Fatty Acyl CoA Synthetase and TAG is resynthesized from glycerol 2 phosphate and Fatty Acyl CoAs; 2 FAs are then added, phosphate head removed, then 3rd FA is added |
| Glycerol | product of TAGS; glycerol usually goes to the liver where it is recycled into either Glycerol 3 phosphate or DHAP to go back into glycolysis or gluconeogenesis. it also is the backbone of glycerophospholipids and glycolipids |
| Glycerol 3 Phosphate | Hepatic glycerol kinase takes the glycerol that is a byproduct of TAG and converts it in glycerol 3 ph in the liver to allow it to go back into glycolysis or gluconeogenesis. Glycerol 3 ph is also the backbone to resynthesize TAG |
| Glycerol Kinase | Hepatic glycerol kinase that the glycerol that is a byproduct of TAG and converts it into glycerol 3 ph in the liver to allow it to go back into glycolysis or gluconeogenesis |
| HMG CoA Lyase | HMG CoA --> Acetoacetate (which can be reduced to 3 hydroxybutarate); step in KB synthesis that releases an acetyl CoA to produce a KB |
| HMG CoA Reductase | HMG CoA --> Mevalonate in cholesterol synthesis. This is the rate limiting, committed step of synthesis. It requires 2 NAPDH and releases a CoA. This ocurs on the cytosol and enxyme is an integral membrane protein of ER |
| Phosphatase | enzyme that dephosphorylates a protein. HMG CoA Reductase is active when its phosphatase it on |
| HMG CoA Reductase Regulation | gene expression, sterol concentration, + insulin and thyroxine, protein phospahatase. - AMP, SREBP - SCAP |
| HMG CoA Synthse | Acetyl co--> HMG CoA occurs in cytosol and its 1st step in cholesterol and KB synthesis. Combines the 3rd acetyl CoA with Acetoacetyl CoA |
| Intestinal Lumen | Bile Salts are secreted into the intestinal lumen |
| Intestine | Degredation of dietary proteins occurs in the SI; Chylomicrons are fomred in the SI, emulsification of lipids occurs in the SI |
| Lipoprotein Lipase | enzyme during fat digestion that breaks down TAG intno 3 FA and glycerol (Cleaves all Cs) it is found in adipocytes and skeletal and muscle cells. Lipiprotein lipase is activated by Apo C/II (VLDL, chylomicrons) to break down TAG |
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