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Final Review
Ap European History Ch. 12-20, 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe Feudalism. | Peasants give to knights, knights give to nobles, nobles give to the king. The king gives land to the nobles, the nobles give land to the knights, the knights give land to the peasants. |
| What was the language of the Catholic Church? | latin |
| Dynastic not Nationalistic | leaders often controlled people of multiple languages & ethnicities; dynasty- religion & rulers meant more than identity |
| Influence of Roman Empire | People believed that the Roman Empire was the ideal state - "universal" control of Europe |
| Fall of Western Roman Empire | 476 AD |
| Fall of Byzantine Empire | 1453 AD |
| Great Schism 1054 AD | Pope was the leader, orthodox organized by national level, there were differences in belief |
| The Little Ice Age 1300-1400s | poor harvests, decreased nutrition - poor health |
| Black Death, Bubonic Plague | 1346-53, across Europe in 4 years, 1/3-1/2 of the population died, returned repeatedly until 18 c. poor sanitation; boils, death in 3 days |
| Responses to the Plague | belief that it was God's wrath, effects of overpopulation decreased, helped lead to reformation; laymen were allowed to perform sacraments because so many priests were dead |
| peasant revolts | all across Europe, declining income for peasants, rising taxation |
| Hundred Years War | 1337-1453; Frech denied English Edward II land in France; Philip VI as king of France; France won because of Joan of Arc |
| Effects of Hundred Years War | nationalism, english kings had to negotiate with nobles for money |
| Magna Carta | first restriction on Kings power, to tax obles, Parliament has to agree |
| Babylonian Captivity | Philip IV of France convinced Pope Clement V to more from Italy to France (Avignon) in 1309 power play, end yrs. altered in 1377, 66 |
| 2nd Great Schism | Didn't like Urba, so cardinals chose Clement VII, nations took sides, 3rd pope elected 1409, Martin V in 1417 ended great schism; two resigned one kicked out. |
| Counciliarists | balance power of pop with council or cardinals (1324-1400s) |
| John Wycliffe: | translated NT to English, taught church had gotten away from Bible and needed change |
| Jan hus/ John Huss: | Czech reformer who challenged Catholic doctrines int he same way that Martin Luther would later. Burned by Council of Constance in 1415 |
| Vernacular Literature | Geoffrey Chaucer "Canterbury Tales"; Dante Alighieri - "The Divine Comedy; language of the people |
| Three Simultaneous Crises | Babylonian Captivity, Hundred Years War; Black Death |
| End of middle ages | feudalism weakening; population decreased; church's authority decreased; magna cart; increased nationalism; french king's power increased; reasons for reform in the church |
| Medieval Art ad Architecture | 2D; size of peopl unrealistic, shows importance; religious themes more common; clothing & structures looked like artist's time, not time period being depicted |
| gothic architecture | pointed arch; ribbed vault flying buttresses |
| Italia Renaissance | 1350 to 1500s |
| Where did the Italian Renaissance start? | Florence, Italy |
| Petrarch | scholar & poet; Father of REnaissance Humanism; study of history and literature is valuable; recovered & promoted classical manuscripts |
| secularism | emhpasis on this worls, not just religious beliefs |
| humanism | human potential and improvement, study |
| individualism | artists seen as individual geniuses; emphasis on human dignity |
| New Renaissance art | more realistic; individuality; nudity introduced since ancient times; religious ad classical themes, also daily life; balance &proportion |
| Lorenzo Valla | father of analytical scholarship; "Donation of Constantine" medieval forgery; |
| Printing Press | ideas could be copied and printed more easily; books became cheaper; invented by Gutenberg in 1440 |
| Clocks | standardized time |
| Medici Family | power and wealth through banking; cosimo, piero and lorenzo ruled florence; excommunicated and executed; returned in 1512 |
| Machiavelli | wrote "The Prince"; wrote how things were, not how he wished them to be; criticized by many, but the strategies he recommended were actually in practice |
| HRE | intended as a revival of the Western Roman Empire; pope is leader; Habsburgs controlled it from 1400 to 1918 |
| The Ottoman Empire | challeged Europe for control of Mediterraean |
| Where did Power shift after Italy? | Portugal then Spain |
| Sir Thomas More | English Christian Humanist; "Utopia", executed for sticking to his principles |
| Erasmus | Dutch Christian Humanist; new editions of the GReek and Latin New Testaments; "In Praise of Folly" criticized abuses in the Catholic Church and bad government in general, but remained a Catholic |
| Pragmatic Sanction | 1713; Charles VI; to ensure that the Habsburg hereditary possessions could be inherited by a daughter |
| Spanish Reconquista | Muslims and Jews had to convert or leave; conversos- loss of intellectual capital & ability; Hermandades- vigilante groups that kept order & enforced behavior |
| Spanish Inquisition | to find Conversos who secretly hadn't converted - they were resented by other Spaniards because they tended to have influence & high positions - Inquisitions used torture |
| Clerical Abuses that led to Reformation | immoral priests; ignorance (faked latin, illiteracy); pluralism/absenteeism; idulgences |
| Indlugences | Pope Leo X needed money to finish construction of St. Peter's Basilica; ignited reformation |
| 95 these | 1517; printing press made them available to a vast audience |
| Diet of Worms | tried to force Luther to recant; declared and outlaw |
| What language did Luther translate the NT into? | German |
| Peasants Revolts after 1517 | religious change caused peasants to believe there could be political change; Luther did not agree |
| Zwingli | swiss had similar to Luther's ideas, but believed Eucharist was a memorial |
| John Calvin | 1509-1564; set out to establish a truly Christian society in Geneva -1541; believed in theocracy; predestination |
| influences of calvinism | huguenots; presbyterians; women allowed to participate in church |
| Anabaptists | first to baptize adults; religious toleration; pacifism |
| Henry VII of England | 1491-1547; obsessed with having a male child; started Chruch of England |
| Supremacy Act | made Henry VII supreme head of church in England; |
| Edward VI | 9 years old- ehlish reformation continued |
| Bloody Mary | marries philip II of spain- tried to force England back to Catholicism |
| Elizabeth I | enforced CHurch of England, but didn't care what people privately believed as long as they didn't cause trouble (Elizabethan Settlement) |
| Reform in the Catholic Church | slow-popes preoccupied; council of trent attempted reconciliation with Protestants; equal value of scripture and tradition; emphasis on education; baroque art style affirmed |
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