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Bushong Ch 6-9
Radiation Protection
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of the effects of ionizing radiation on biologic tissue. | Radiobiology |
| The functions of protein include | Building of new tissue skin bones tendons hair & collagen Repair of injured or broken down tissue antibodies Intercellular messengers transfer information from one cell to another Composition of enzymes controls cells physiologic activities |
| Composed of glycerol and fatty acids Provides insulation, support and protection for organs Can be used for fuel | Lipids |
| Provides energy –ATP Can be saccharides, monosaccharides or disaccharides | Carbohydrates |
| List 2 Purines | Adenine & Guanine |
| List 2 Pyrimidines | Thymine & Cytosine |
| The basic unit of structure and function in all organisms | Cell |
| Type of cells that go through Mitosis | Somatic Cells |
| Type of cells that go through Meiosis | Reproductive cells |
| List the phases of Mitosis | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, & Interphase (G1, S, G2) |
| Formed by nuclear membrane Contains nucleoplasm Control center of the cell Determines how the cell functions Contains chromatin which contains DNA | Nucleus |
| Dense region of RNA in nucleus | Nucleolus |
| Usually in the form of chromatin Contains genetic information Composed of DNA Thicker for cellular division Set number per species | Chromosomes |
| Gel-like fluid which provides a medium for chemical reactions within the cell | Cytoplasm |
| Materials in Cytoplasm move by | Diffusion |
| Second largest organelle Double-layered outer membrane with inner folds called cristae Controls levels of water and other materials in the cell Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, carbs, and forms urea Cell “powerhouse” | Mitochondria |
| Energy-producing chemical reactions take place on | Cristae |
| Paired cylindrical organelles near the nucleus Involved in cellular division Lie at right angles to each other Composed of nine tubes, each with three tubules | Centrioles |
| Tubular network fused to nuclear membrane Goes through cytoplasm onto cell membrane Stores, separates and serves as cell’s transport system | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| The smooth ER contains Ribosomes | False |
| The Rough ER contains Ribosomes | True |
| Protein and lipid packaging plant Composed of 5-8 stacks of flattened sacs called cisternae Usually close to cell nucleus Brings hormones, enzymes, antibodies, etc. to cell surface so they can be excreted | Golgi Apparatus |
| The "Protein Factory" | Ribosomes |
| Digestive plant for protein, lipids and carbs Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Vary in shape depending on particular process | Lysosomes |
| Contain catalase that decomposes hydrogen peroxide Live for only a day | Peroxisomes |
| Serves as a gateway and barrier Made of phospholipids and proteins Regulates exchange of vital substances between content of cell and the external environment Communicates with other cells to help body function | Cell Membrane |
| Period of cell growth before mitosis | Interphase |
| Nuclear membrane disappears and centrioles migrate to opposite sides | Prophase |
| Mitotic spindle forms and chromosomes line up in the center – this is where radiation damage is seen | Metaphase |
| Centromeres migrate to opposite sides of mitotic spindle | Anaphase |
| Nuclear membrane re-forms | Telophase |
| The most radiosensitive cells in the body | Lympocytes and Spermatogonia |
| What is the “key” molecule in a cell? | DNA |
| What is the ribosome’s function in a cell? | Protein Synthesis |
| Two sets of chromosomes is called | Diploid |
| One set of chromosomes is called | Haploid |
| An increased metabolic rate does what to radiosensitivity? | Increases |
| Defined as the sum of the weighted equivalent doses for all irradiated tissues or organs | Effective Dose |
| Delivered continuously but at a lower dose | Protracted |
| Dose is delivered in equal fractions and is not as effective because it allows cells to recover and repair | Fractionated |
| Point mutations account for the late effects of radiation | True |
| A single strand break creates point mutations | True |
| Single strand breaks occur more often with high or low LET? | Low |
| Double strand breaks occur more often with high or low LET? | High |
| Alteration of the nitrogen base sequence on the DNA chain caused by the action of high-energy radiation directly on a DNA molecule is called? | Mutation |
| Chemical unions created between atoms by the single sharing of one or more pairs of electrons are called? | Covalent cross links |
| The more mature and specialized in performing functions a cell is, the less sensitive it is to radiation. | True |
| Nonstochastic or deterministic somatic effects are also called | Threshold, Nonlinear |
| Name the 3 stages of radiation damage. | Prodromal, Latent, Manifest |
| Which stage of radiation damage involves nausea, vomiting, malaise and can last from hours to weeks | Prodromal |
| Which stage of radiation damage involves a "period of well being" | Latent |
| In which styage of radiation damage do symptoms return and intensify usually resulting in death | Manifest |
| 200-1000 rad (2-10 Gy) recovery within 2-4 weeks to 6 months if dose is not lethal; or slow death if dose was lethal describes | HEMATOLOGIC OR HEMATOPOIETIC |
| Death due to infection because blood cells killed off or hemorrhage/bleeding out occurs in | Hematopoietic or Hematologic |
| 1000-5000 rad (10-50 Gy) with death in 4-10 days describes | Gastrointestinal |
| Death of crypt cells caused dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and malnutrition occurs in | Gastrointestinal |
| 5000+ rad (50 Gy) with death in a matter of hours or days describes | Central Nervous System |
| Death caused by elevated fluid content in brain occurs in | Central Nervous System |
| What is LD 50/30 | Whole body dose of radiation that will result in 50% of the population dying within 30 days |
| Loss of hair due to radiation exposure | Epilation |
| In the reproductive system 200 Rads will produce | temporary sterility |
| In the reproductive system 500 Rads will produce | permanent sterility |
| Chromosome aberrations are considered | Nonthreshold |
| The science that deals with the incidence, distribution and control of disease in a population – including cancers caused by radiation is called | Epidemiology |
| Two different dose levels known formula is units of cases/population/dose describes | Absolute Risk |
| observed cases – expected cases describes | Excess Risk |
| Unknown dose formula is observed cases/expected cases describes | Relative Risk |
| Carcinogenesis is a random occurrence that doesn't have a threshold. | True |
| Mutagens are | agents that increase the frequency of mutations |
| The gonad dose that, if received by every member of the population, would produce the total genetic effect on the population as the sum of the individual doses actually received describes | Genetically Significant Dose |
| What is the dose limit for genetically significant dose | 20 mrad/year for the US |
| Linear, nonthreshold dose response ='s | Thyroid |
| Nonlinear, threshold dose response ='s | Cataracts |
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jazzfan
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