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Euro Chapter 18
European History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the dominant worldview at the beginning of the 16th century. | motionless earth at the center of the universe (geocentric), 10 crystal spheres around it, angels kept spheres moving in perfect circles, basically Aristotle/Ptolemy's views (humanism) combined with Christian theology. |
| Describe the Copernican Hypothesis. | Created by Copernicus, said it was actually a heliocentric universe, that the stars were fixed in place, the earth rotated, universe was extremely large, and earth was just another planet. |
| Why/Who attacked the Copernican Hypothesis? | Calvinists and Lutherans especially because it went against the Scriptures, and denied heaven being above earth/the traditional idea of crystal spheres. |
| Who was Tycho Brahe? | Astronomer, agreed earth rotated/heliocentric, collected lot of data but weak in math, large observatory. |
| Who was Johann Kepler? | Brahe's assistant, discovered three laws of planetary motion: plants have elliptical orbits, don't move in uniform speed in orbits, time takes to complete an orbit directly related to distance from sun. |
| Who was Galileo Galilei? | Conducted controlled experiments, developed law of inertia, used telescope to look at moons of Jupiter, accused of heresy and recanted his claims. |
| Who was Issac Newton? | Law of universal gravitation: everything is attracted to everything else, based on mathematical relationship and mass, made key synthesis of Kepler and Galileo's ideas, believed in alchemy, wrote principia, thought he was religious |
| Discuss various factors contributing to growth and development of the scientific revolution. | Permanent universities established, recovery of mathematical texts (renaissance stimulation), navigational problems, developing better ways of obtaining knowledge. |
| Bacon? | Developed empiricism: collect specimins and analyze them, big on observing and doing experiments, wanted people to really pursue new knowledge. |
| Descatres? | Cartesian dualism: everything is made up of the physical and of the mind, combined observations and investigations with the pursuit of laws expressed mathematically. Saw correspondence between geometry and algebra. |
| Impact of Scientific Revolution? | Rise of international scientific community, modern scientific method (observe, hypothesize, predict, experiment), sex barriers, overseas trade facilitated. |
| Emergence of Enlightenment? | de Fontenelle - idea of progress (intellectual growth stimulates progress, better society). Began to question religious "fact" - skepticism. Bayle - big skeptic. Becomes more rational. Locke - tabula rasa (mind completely dictated by experiences/society) |
| Philosophes? | group of intellectuals who believed they were bringing the light of knowledge to society, means philosopher, intellectual curiosity. |
| Important Philosophes? | Montesquieu: wrote plays/made it interesting, idea of separation of powers to avoid depotism, like parlimentes (courts in France). Voltaire: wrote many novels, tolerant, was abused/treated unfairly, like absolutism, against church. Diderot: edited encycl. |
| Enlightenment in other parts of Europe than France? | intellectual revival stimulated by creation of first public education system, salons in other countries, rebels embrace Enlightenment. Hume --> skepticism. |
| Describe reading revolutions and salons. | Reading revolution --> developed new way of reading; now individual, rapid, and books other than the bible, read bc of curiosity etc. Salons: drawing rooms where wealthy women would host elites to discuss important ideas of the time. influential. |
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12kitkat34
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