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Translation
Mizzou, Spring 2015, Biochem Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| codon | the genetic cod is read in units of three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA called a ______ |
| one | each codon specifies ____ particular amino acid used to make the protein; this process is called translation |
| degenerate | more than one, 3-base codon can code for the same amino acid |
| specific | each codon specifies one amino acid |
| uninterrupted | none of the bases are shared between consecutive codons and no non-coding bases appear in the base sequence (also known as non-overlapping) |
| universal | except in a few instances, all organisms use the same code |
| AUG | the start codon (and the amino acid methionine |
| stop codons | UAA, UAG, and UGA |
| translation | requires mRNA (contains the codons), tRNA(s) (contain the anticodon, the 3' end of tRNA carries a specific amino acid, & the ribosome |
| wobble | the variation called _____ allows non-traditional base pairing in the wobble base (which is in the 5' position of the anticodon) |
| anticodon | a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a tRNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in mRNA |
| 3' | the ____ end of tRNA carries a specific amino acid |
| degenerate | many codons are _____ (or redundant) meaning that two or more codons may code for the same amino acid |
| tRNA | 64 different codons do not yield 64 types of ____ |
| 32 | only ___ tRNAs exist for all 64 codons |
| mutations | ______ that alter the first and second codon positions will almost always alter the amino acid translated |
| amino acid activation | the addition of an amino acid to the 3' end of each tRNA |
| amino acid activation | requires: amino acids, tRNAs, ATP & Mg2+, & catalyzed by ammoniacal-tRNA synthetases |
| tRNA | the specificity of matching ____ & amino acids is NOT solely determined by the anticodon sequence...other regions of tRNA are critical |
| prokaryotes | _____ have a special modified form of methionine called N-formyl-methionine; it has its own tRNA (this is the N-terminal amino acid of this organism) |
| Shine Dalgarno | the start signal of chain initiation in prokaryotes is preceded by a _____ _____ protein-rich leader segment 5'-GGAGGU-3', which usually lies about 10 nucleotides upstream of the AUG start signal & acts as a ribosomal binding site |
| peptidyl bond | _____ _____ formation occurs between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next amino acid |
| chain termination | occurs at a stop codon in mRNA (UUA, UAG, or UGA); release factors RF-1, RF-2, or RF-3 to recognize the stop codons and promote dissociation of the ribosome from the mRNA |
| cytoplasm | for eukaryotes, translation occurs in the _______ |
| the same | stop codons from translation are ________ for eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
| nucleus | transcription, capping, polyadenylation, and splicing occur in eukaryotes and occur in the ______ |
| folding | time constraints & the complexity of the protein indicate that mere side chain interactions alone cannot account for _____ of proteins (in eukaryotes) |
| chaperones | a group of proteins that facilitate the correct folding of new protein |
| disulfide | new proteins are frequently pressed before they are biologically active (protease cleavage & _____ bond formation [2 cysteines to 1 cystine]) |
| three | proteins are in a dynamic state and on average, half are turned over every ____ days |
| lysosomes | degradative pathways are restricted to sub cellular organelles such as ________ |
| proteosomes | degradative pathways are restricted to macromolecular structures called ________ |
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