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MCAT Org. Chem Ch. 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aldehydes | Terminal functional groups containing a carbonyl bound to at least one hydrogen. Suffix: -al. Prefix: oxo-. In rings, suffix: -carbaldehyde |
| Ketones | Internal functional groups containing a carbonyl bound to two alkyl chains. Suffix: -one. Prefix: oxo- or keto- |
| Reactivity Of A Carbonyl (C=O) Is Dictated By: | The polarity of the double bond. The carbon has a partial pos. charge and is therefore electrophilic. |
| Carbonyl-Containing Compounds Have Higher Boiling Points Than: | Equivalent alkanes because of dipole interactions. |
| Alcohols Have Higher Boiling Points Than Carbonyls Because Of: | Hydrogen bonding |
| Aldehydes And Ketones Are Commonly Produced By: | Oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols |
| Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PCC) Is A Weak Oxidizing Agent Used For: | Synthesizing aldehydes or the reaction will continue oxidizing to the level of the carboxylic acid |
| Various Oxidizing Agents Can Be Used For Ketones Such As Dichromate, Chromium Trioxide, or PCC Because: | Ketones are the most oxidized functional group for secondary carbons |
| When A Nucleophile Attacks And Forms A Bond With A Carbonyl Carbon: | Electrons in the pi bond are pushed to oxygen. If there is no good leaving group, carbonyl will remain open and is protonated to form an alcohol. If there is a good leaving group, the carbonyl will reform and kick off the leaving group. |
| In Hydration Reactions, Water Adds To A Carbonyl To Form: | A geminal diol |
| When One Equivalent Of Alcohol Reacts With An Aldehyde: | A hemiacetal is formed. |
| When One Equivalent Of Alcohol Reacts With A Ketone: | A hemiketal is formed. |
| When Another Equiv. Of Alcohol Reacts With A Hemiacetal Via Nucleophilic Substitution: | An acetal is formed. |
| When Another Equiv. Of Alcohol Reacts With A Hemiketal Via Nucleophilic Substitution | A ketal is formed |
| Nitrogen And Nitrogen Derivatives React With Carbonyls To Form: | Imines, oximes, hydrazones, and semicarbazones |
| Imines Can Tautomerize To Form: | Enamines |
| Hydrogen Cyanide Reacts With Carbonyls For Form: | Cyanohydrins |
| Aldehydes Can Be Oxidized To: | Carboxylic acids using an oxidizing agent like KMnO4, CrO3, Ag2O, or H2O2. |
| Aldehydes Can Be Further Reduced To: | Secondary alcohols via hydride reagents (LiAlH4, NaBH4) |
| Ketones Can Be Reduced To: | Secondary alcohols via hydride reagents. |
| Ketones Cannot Be Further Oxidized (True Or False) | TRUE |
Created by:
SamB91
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