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AP euro testing
euro testing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Humanism | study of classical texts, values and styles of greek and Rome. promotion of liberal arts education based on the study of classics, rhetoric, and history |
| christian humanism | studied classical texts (christian) committed to religious piety and institutional reform |
| vernacular | the everyday language in a region or country |
| new monarchs | european monarchs who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy. The new monarchs also negotiated a new relationship with the catholic church. |
| taille | a direct tax on french peasantry |
| reconquista | the centuries long christian reconquest of spain from the muslims |
| indulgence | a certificate granted by the pope in return for the payment of a fee to the church, stating that the soul of the dead relative or friend of the purchaser would have his time in purgatory reduced by many years or cancelled although |
| anabaptist | protestants who insisted that only adult baptist conformed to scripture. Protestant and catholic leaders condemned Anabaptists for advocating the complete separation of the church and state |
| predestination | doctrine espoused by John Calvin the God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved and who will be damned. |
| Huguenots | french protestants who followed the teachings of john calvin |
| politiques | rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs |
| Columbian exchange | the interchange of plants, animals, diseases, and human populations between the old world and the new world |
| mercantilism | economic philosophy calling for close government regulation of the economy. mercantilism theory emphasized building a strong, self sufficient economy by maximizing by maximizing exports and limiting imports |
| putting out system | a preindustrial manufacturing system in which an entrepreneur would bring materials to rural people who worked on them in their own homes |
| joint stock company | a business arrangement in which many investors raise money for a venture too large for any of them to undertake alone |
| absolutism | a system of government in which the ruler claims sole and uncontestable power |
| divine rights of kings | the idea that rulers receive their authority from God and are answerable only to God. |
| intendants | french royal officials who supervised provincial governments in the name of the king. played a key role in establishing french absolutism |
| fronde | a series of rebellions against royal authority in france between 1649 and 1652. |
| robot | system of forced labor used in eastern europe |
| junkers | prussias landowning nobility |
| scientific method | the use of inductive logic and controlled experiments to discover regular patterns in nature |
| philosophes | 18th century writers who stressed reason and advocated freedom of expression, religious toleration, and a reformed legal system |
| deism | the belief that God created the universe but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature |
| general will | a concept in political philosophy referring to the desire or interest of people as a whole |
| enlightened despotism | a system of government supported by leading philosophes in which an absolute ruler uses his or her power for the good of the people |
| enclosure movement | the process by which british landlords consolidated or fenced in common lands to increase the production of cash crops |
| agriculture revolution | the innovations in farm production that began in 18th century holland and spread to england |
| physiocrats | group of 18th century french economists led by Francois Quesnay |
| invisible hand | phrase coined by adam smith to refer to the self regulating nature of a free marketplace |
| parlements | french regional courts dominated by hereditary nobles |
| girondins | a moderate republican faction active in the french revolution from 1791 to 1793 |
| jacobins | a radical republican party during the french revolution |
| sans-culottes | the working people of paris who were characterized by their long working pants and support for radical politics |
| levee en masse | the french policy of conscripting all males into the army. this created a type of military force based upon mass participation and a fully mobilized economy |
| Thermidorian reaction | name given to the reaction against the radicalism of the french revolution, associated with the reign of terror and reassertion of bourgeoisie power in the directory |
| legitimacy | the principle that rulers who have been driven from their thrones should be restored to power |
| balance of power | a strategy to maintain an equilibrium, in which weak countries join together to match or exceed the power of a stronger country |
| liberalism | political philosophy |
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beachkiki
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