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MCAT Beh. Sci Ch. 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Brain Processes Makes Decision About The Importance Of Various Stimuli Below: | The level of conscious awareness |
| Information Processing Model | States that the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information much like a computer |
| Factors That Influence Cognitive Development | Culture, genes, and environment |
| Piaget's Stages Of Cognitive Development | Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational |
| Sensorimotor Stage | Focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions. |
| This Ends The Sensorimotor Stage: | Object permanence |
| Preoperational Stage | Focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration |
| Concrete Operational Stage | Focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects |
| Formal Operational Stage | Focuses on abstract though and problem solving |
| A Mild Level Of Cognitive Decline While Aging Is: | Normal |
| Significant Changes In Cognition May: | Signify an underlying disorder |
| Biological Factors That Affect Cognition Include: | Organic brain disorders, genetic, and chromosomal conditions, metabolic derangements, and drgu use |
| Problem-solving | Requires identification and understanding of the problem, generation of potential solutions, testing of potential solutions, and evaluation of results |
| Mental Set | Pattern of approach for a given problem. |
| An Inappropriate Mental Set May: | Negatively impact problem-solving |
| Types Of Problem-Solving Include: | Trial-and-error, algorithms, deductive reasoning (deriving conclusions from general rules), and inductive reasoning (deriving generalizations from evidence) |
| Heuristics, Biases, Intuition, And Emotions May: | Assist decision-making, but may also lead to erroneous or problematic decisions |
| Heuristics | Shortcuts or rule of thumb used to make decisions |
| Biases | Exist when an experimenter or decision-maker is unable to objectively evaluate information |
| Intuition | A "gut feeling" regarding a particular decision. This can often be attributed to experience with similar situations. |
| Emotional State Often Plays: | A role in decision-making |
| Gardner's Theory Of Multiple Intelligences | Proposes seven areas of intelligence including linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal |
| Variations In Intellectual Ability Can: | Be attributed to combinations of environment, education, and genetics |
| States Of Consciousness Include: | Alertness, sleep, dreaming, and altered states of consciousness |
| Alertness | State of being awake and able to think, perceive, process, and express information. |
| Beta And Alpha Waves: | Predominate on Electroencephalography (EEG) |
| Stage 1 Of Sleep: | Light sleep and is dominated by theta waves on EEG. |
| Stage 2 Of Sleep | Slightly deeper and includes theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes. |
| Stage 3 And 4 Of Sleep | Deep sleep (slow-wave sleep, SWS). Delta waves predominate on EEG. |
| Most Sleep Disorders Occur During: | Stage 3 and 4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep |
| Dreaming in SWS: | Focuses on consolidating declarative memories. |
| Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep | Paradoxical sleep in which the mind appears close to awake on EEG but the person is asleep. Eye movements and body paralysis occur in this stage. Dreaming in REM focuses on consolidating procedural memories. |
| Sleep Cycle | Approximately 90 minutes for adults. Normal cycle is: Stage 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM, although REM becomes more frequent toward the morning. |
| Changes In Light In The Evening Trigger Release Of: | Melatonin by the pineal gland, which results in sleepiness |
| Cortisol Levels: | Increase in the early morning and help promote wakefulness. |
| Circadian Rhythms | Trend around a 24-hour day |
| Most Dreaming Occurs During: | REM, but some dreaming occurs during other sleep stages. |
| Dyssomnias | Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and sleep deprivation |
| Parasomnias | Night terrors and sleepwalking (somnambulism) |
| Hypnosis | State of consciousness in which individuals appear to be in control of their normal faculties but are in a highly suggestible state. |
| Hypnosis Is Often Used For: | Pain control, psychological therapy, memory enhancement, weight loss, and smoking cessation |
| Meditation | Involves a quieting of the mind and is often used for relief of anxiety. It has also played a role in many of the world's religions. |
| Consciousness-altering Drugs | Include depressants, stimulants, opiates, and hallucinogens. |
| Depressants | Include alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines. They promote or mimic GABA activity in the brain. |
| Stimulants | Include amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy. They increase dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin concentration at the synaptic cleft |
| Opiates And Opioids | Include heroin, morphine, opium, and prescription pain medications such as oxycodone and hydrocodone. They can cause death by respiratory depression. |
| Hallucinogens | Include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), peyote, mescaline, ketamine, and psilocybin-containing mushrooms. |
| Marijuana | Has depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic effects. |
| Active Ingredient Of Marijuana: | Tetrahydrocannabinol |
| Drug Addiction Is Mediated By The: | Mesolimbic pathway, which includes the nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area |
| Main Neurotransmitter In The Mesolimbic Pathway | Dopamine |
| Selective Attention | Allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the background require attention. |
| Divided Attention Uses: | Automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time |
| Phonology | Actual sound of speech |
| Morphology | The building blocks of words, such as rules for pluralization (-s in English), past tense (-ed) and so forth |
| Semantics | The meaning of words |
| Syntax | Rules dictating word order |
| Pragmatics | Changes in language delivery depending on context |
| Nativist (Biological) Theory | Explains language acquisition as being controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers |
| Learning (Behaviorist) Theory | Explains language acquisition as being controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers. |
| Social Interactionist Theory | Explains language acquisition as being caused by a motivation to communicate and interact with others |
| Whorfian (Linguistic Relativity) Hypothesis | States that the lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language |
| Speech Areas In The Brain Are Found In The Dominant Hemisphere, Which Is Usually The: | Left Hemisphere |
| Broca's Area | Controls the motor function of speech |
| Broca's Aphasia | Caused by damage to the Broca's area. This is a nonfluent aphasia in which generating each word requires great effort. |
| Wernicke's Area | Controls language comprehension |
| Wernicke's Aphasia | Caused by damage to the Wernicke's area. This is a fluent, nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension. |
| Arcuate Fasciculus | Connects Wernicke's area and Broca's area. |
| Conduction Aphasia | Caused by damage to the Arcuate Fasciculus. This is marked by the inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension. |
Created by:
SamB91
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