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MCAT Beh. Sci Ch. 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensation | Conversion or transduction of physical electromagnetic, auditory, and other information from the internal and external environment into electrical signals in the nervous system. |
| Perception | Processing of sensory information to make sense of its significance |
| Sensory Receptors | Nerves that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals |
| Sensory Neurons Are Associated With: | Sensory Ganglia |
| Sensory Ganglia | Collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system. |
| Sensory Stimuli Are Transmitted To: | Projection Areas in the brain |
| Projection Areas | Further analyze sensory input |
| Common Sensory Receptors Include: | Photoreceptors, hair cells, nociceptors, thermoreceptors, osmoreceptors, olfactory receptors, and taste receptors |
| Threshold | Minimum stimulus that causes a change in signal transduction |
| Absolute Threshold | Minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system. |
| Threshold Of Conscious Perception | The minimum of stimulus energy that will create a signal large enough in size and long enough in duration to be brought into awareness. |
| Difference Threshold Or Just-Noticeable Difference (JND) | Minimum distance in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference. |
| Weber's Law | States that the jnd for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, and that this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli. |
| Signal Detection Theory | Refers to the effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectations on perception of stimuli. |
| Signal Detection Experiments Allow Us To Look At: | Response bias |
| Four Possible Outcomes For Signal Detection Experiments | Hits, misses, false alarms, or correct negatives. |
| Adaptation | Decrease in response to a stimulus over time. |
| Eye | Organ specialized to detect light in the form of photons |
| Cornea | Gathers and filters incoming light |
| Iris Divides The Front Of The Eye Into: | The anterior and posterior chamber |
| The Iris Contains Two Muscles: | The dilator, and the constrictor pupillae which open and close the pupil. |
| Lens | Refracts incoming light to focus it on the retina |
| The Lens Is Held In Place By: | Suspensory ligaments connected to the ciliary muscle. |
| The Cilary Body Produces: | Aqueous humor, which drains through the canal of Schlemm |
| The Retina Contains: | Rods and conese |
| Rods | Detect light and dark |
| Cones (Three Forms) | Short, medium, and long wavelength, which are used to detect colors. |
| Retina Contains Mostly Cones In The: | Macula |
| Macula | Corresponds to central visual fields |
| Center Of The Macula Is The: | Fovea, which contains only cones. |
| Rods And Cones Synapse On: | Bipolar cells, which synapse on: Ganglion Cells |
| Horizontal And Amacrine Cells | Integrate signals from ganglion cells, and edge sharpening |
| The Bulk Of The Eye Is Supported By The: | Vitreous on the inside, and the sclera and choroid on the outside. |
| The Visual Pathway Starts From The Eye And Travels Through The: | Optic nerves, optic chasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus, and the visual radiations to get to the visual cortex. |
| Optic Chiasm Contains: | Fibers crossing from the nasal side of the retina (temporal visual fields) of both eyes |
| Visual Radiations Run Through The: | Temporal and parietal lobes |
| Visual Cortex Is In: | The occipital lobe |
| Parallel Processing | The ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape, and motion |
| Color Is Detected By: | Cones |
| Shape Is Detected By: | Parvocellular Cells, with high spatial resolution and low temporal resolution |
| Motion Is Detected By: | Magnocellular cells, with low spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. |
| Three Parts Of The Ear: | Outer, middle, and inner ear |
| Outer Ear | Pinna (auricle), external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane |
| Middle Ear | Consists of the ossicles: malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup) |
| The Footplate Of The Stapes Rests in: | The oval window of the cochlea. |
| Eustachian Tube | Connects the middle ear to the nasal cavity. |
| Inner Ear Contains The: | Bony labyrinth, within which is the membranous labyrinth |
| The Bony Labyrinth Is Filled With: | Perilymph |
| The Membranous Labyrinth Is Filled With: | Endolymph |
| The Membranous Labyrinth Consists Of: | Cochlea which detects sound, utricle and saccule which detects linear acceleration, and semicircular canals which detect rotational acceleration |
| The Auditory Path Starts From The Cochlea And Travels Through: | The vestibulocochlear nerve and medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus to get to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe |
| Sound Information To The: | Superior olive, which localizes the sound |
| Sound Information Also Projects To The: | Inferior colliculus, which is involved in the startle reflex. |
| Smell | Detection of volatile or aerosolized chemicals by the olfactory chemoreceptors (olfactory nerves) in the olfactory epithelium |
| The Olfactory Pathway Starts From The Olfactory Nerves And Travels Through: | The olfactory bulb and olfactory tract to get to higher-order brain areas such as the limbic system |
| Pheromones | Chemicals given off by animals that have an affect on social, foraging, and sexual behavior in other members of that species. |
| Taste | Detection of dissolved compounds by taste buds in papillae |
| Five Modalities Of Taste | Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory) |
| Somatosensation | Refers to the touch modalities: pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature |
| Two-Point Threshold | Min. distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli |
| Physiological Zero | Normal temperature of the skin to which objects are compare to determine if they feel warm or cold |
| Nociceptors | Responsible for pain perception |
| Gate Theory Of Pain | States that pain sensation is reduced when other somatosensory signals are present. |
| Kinesthetic Sense (Proprioception) | Refers to the ability to tell where one's body is in three-dimensional space |
| Bottom-up (Data-Driven) Processing | Recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection. It is slower, but less prone to mistakes. |
| Top-down (Conceptually Driven) Processing | Recognition of an object by memories and expectations with little attention to detail. It is faster but more prone to mistakes |
| Gestalt Principles | Ways that the brain can infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete |
| Law Of Proximity | States that elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit |
| Law of Similarity | States that objects that are similar appear to be grouped together |
| Law of Good Continuation | States that elements that appear to follow the same pathway tend to be grouped together |
| Subjective Contours | Perception of nonexistent edges in figures, based on surrounding visual cues. |
| Law Of Closure | States that when a space is enclosed by a group of lines, it is perceived as a complete or closed line |
| Law Of Prägnanz | States that perceptional organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible |
Created by:
SamB91
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