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MCAT Bio. Chem Ch. 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Note About Lipids' Solubility In Water And Organic Solvents | They are insoluble in water, and soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. |
| Phospholipids | Are amphipathic and form the bilayer of biological membranes. They contain a hydrophilic (polar) head and hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails. |
| Note On How The Head Group Of Phospholipids Is Attached | By a phosphodiester linkage. |
| Note Of Head Group Of Phospholipids And Its Environment | Since it interacts with the environment, it determines the function of the phospholipid. |
| Saturation Of The Fatty Acid Tail Of A Phospholipid | Determines the fluidity of the membrane. Saturated fatty acids are less fluid than unsaturated ones. Fatty acids form most of the structural thickness of the phospholipid bilayer. |
| Glycerophospholipids | Phospholipids that contain a glycerol backbone. |
| Sphingolipids | Contain a sphingosine backbone. |
| Sphingophospholipids | Sphingolipids that contain a phosphodiester bond |
| Sphingomyelins | Major class of sphingophospholipids that contain a phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine head group. They are a major component of the myelin sheath. |
| Glycosphingolipids | Attached to sugar moieties instead of a phosphate group. |
| Cerebrosides | Have one sugar connected to sphingosine |
| Globosides | Have two or more sugars connected to sphingosine. |
| Gangliosides | Contain oligosaccharides with at least one terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid (NAN, also called sialic acid) |
| Waxes | Contain long-chain fatty acids sterified to long-chain alcohols. They are used as protection against evaporation and parasites in plants and animals. |
| Terpenes | Odiferous steroid precursors made from isoprene, a five-carbon molecule. |
| Monoterpene (1 terpene unit) | Contains two isoprene units |
| Terpenoids | Derived from terpenes via oxygenation or backbone rearrangement. They have similar odorous characteristics. |
| Steroids | Contain three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring. Their oxidation state and functional groups may vary. |
| Steroid Hormones | Have high-affinity receptors, work at low concentrations, and affect gene expression and metabolism. |
| Cholesterol | Steroid that is important to membrane fluidity and stability. It serves as a precursor to a host of other molecules. |
| Prostaglandins | Autocrine and paracrine hormones that regulate cAMP levels. They have powerful effects on muscle contraction, body temperature, the sleep-wave cycle, and pain. |
| Fat Soluble Vitamins Include | Vitamin A, D, E, and K |
| Vitamin A (Carotene) | Metabolized to retinal for vision and retinoic acid for gene expression in epithelial development. |
| Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) | Metabolized to calcitriol in the kidneys and regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in the intestines (increasing calcium and phosphate absorption), promoting bone formation. |
| Rickets | Caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D. |
| Vitamin K (Phylloquinone And Menaquinones) | Important for the formation of prothrombin, a clotting factor. It performs posttranslational modification on a number of proteins to create calcium binding sites. |
| Triacylglycerols (triglycerides) | Preferred method of storing energy for long-term use. They contain one glycerol attached to three fatty acids by ester bonds. The fatty acids usually vary within the same triacylglycerol. |
| Note About Carbon Atoms In Lipid | They are more reduced than ones in carbohydrates which gives them twice as much energy per gram during oxidation. |
| Note About Triacylglycerols' Hydrophobicity | They are very hydrophobic, so they are not hydrated by body water and do not carry additional water weight. |
| Adipocytes | Animal cells used for storage of large triacylglycerol deposits. |
| Free Fatty Acids | Unesterified fatty acids that travel in the bloodstream. |
| Soaps | Salts of free fatty acids, and are synthesized in saponification. They act as surfactants thus forming micelles. |
| Saponification | Ester hydrolysis of triacylglycerols using a strong base, like sodium or potassium hydroxide. |
| Micelle | Can dissolve a lipid-soluble molecule in its fatty acid core, and washes away with water because of its shell of carboxylate head groups. |
Created by:
SamB91
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