Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BIO 2 test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What makes something alive? | use energy, made up of cells, process genetic or hereditary information, reproduction/replication, they are a product of evolution |
| Where do cells come from? | Other cells |
| Pasteurs experiment | Nutrient broth, spontaneous generation, tested cells come from other cells. |
| Insight on natural selection | acts on individuals, evolution acts on the population as a whole |
| Fitness | The ability to produce viable offspring |
| adaptation | trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment |
| Why is water an efficient solvent? | hydrogen bonds and strong polarity |
| formula for ph | -Log[H+] |
| Amino formula and properties | NH2, acts as a base, tends to attract a proton form + charged molecule |
| Carboxyl formula and porperties | Co2H, double bond one O other part of OH- group, Acts as an acid, tends to lose a proton in solution to form negatively charged molecule (loses from OH) |
| Carbonyl 1. Aldehydes 2.Keytones | 1. COH double bonded O react to form lager molecules 2.CO double bonded O |
| Hydroxyl | Alcohols, OH, highly polar, makes compounds more soluble through hydrogen bonding, may also act as weak acid and drop a proton |
| Phosohate | PO4-2, store large amounts of energy |
| Sulfhydryl | SH, Thiols, can form disulfide bonds that contribute to protein structure |
| What is the structure of amino acids? | Common core structure: a H group, NH2 (amino functional group), COOH (carboxyl functional group), a distinctive R gtoup (side chain) |
| Nature of side chains | properties of amino acids vary because their R-Groups vary. 20 unique |
| Non-Polar side chains | No charged or electro negative atoms to form hydrogen bonds |
| Polar side chains | Partial charges can form H bonds, OH, NH2 groups |
| Acidic electrically charged side chains | Charged side chains that can form ionic and hydrogen bonds, overall - |
| Basic electrically charged side chains | charged side chains that can form ionic and hydrogen bonds, overall |
| monomer | a molecule subunit such as an amino acid, a nucleotide, or sugar |
| polymer | when a large number of monomers are bonded together |
| How does polymerization occur? | via condensation reaction between H on the Amino group and O- on the Carboxyl group |
| Hydrolysis | Reactions that breaks apart polymers |
| three key points about peptide bonded backbone | R-Group orientation, Directionality (amino group NH3+ on one end, carboxyl group COO- on the other), flexibility |
| Different protein shapes | Tata box (saddle shaped; binds DNA). Porin (donut shaped, forms pore) Trypsin (globular, binds substrates) Collagen (fibrous, provides structural support) |
| Secondary protein structures | A-helix B-pleated sheets (Caused by H-bonds between CO and NH froups close together |
| Tertiary structure | interactions between R-Groups or R group and peptide backbone |
| Van der wals interactions | weak attractions that occur because the constant notion of electrons fives molecules tiny asymmetry large number of these interactions can increase the stability of the structure |
| what are Primary bonds stabilized by? | Peptide bonds |
| what are secondary structures stabilized by? | hydrogen bonding between groups along the peptide bonded backbone thus depends on primary structure |
| What are tertiary structures stabilized by? | bonds between other interactions between R-groups, or between r groups and the peptide bonded backbone thus depends on primary structure |
| what are quaternary structures stabilized by? | bonds and other interacions between peptide backbones of different polypeptides thus depends on primary structure |
| What is correct folding of proteins important? | If it is not folded correctly it cannon function correctly |
| misfolding can be infectious | alternate the forms of normal proteins that are present in healthy individuals |
| What tasks are proteins essential for in a cell? | Catalysis, Defense, movement, signaling, structure, transport |
| what do the structures of proteins determine? | the functionality of a protein, they have diverse function because of the diverse structures and chemical properties |
| What are nucleic acids made of? | Nucleic acids |
| what is the differnece between the sugars that form rna and dna | Dna DEOXYribo does not have an o on its second carbon group and ribose does. |
| What are the three pyrimidines? | cytosine, Uracil (RNA), Thymine (DNA) |
| What are the two purines? | Guanine and adenine |
| What do each purine bind to? | Guanine to cytosine, Adeninte to Thymine or urasil depending if it is DNA or RNA |
| What is a phosphodiester linkage? | the bond formed between the hydroxyl group C5') on one sugar to the phosphate group of another nucleotide C3') |
| what is the linkage order of the sugar- phosphate backbone of RNA? | C5'- phosphate to C3' sugar, c3' end being the newest members of the chain |
| What did watson and Crick discover? | DNA runs anti-parallel,forms a double helix,only purines and pryimadines can match up at the correct distance |
| What is DNA stabilized by? | The hydrophobic interactions in its interior and the hydrogen bonding between the purines and pyrimadines |
| What are Monosaccharides | Monomers of charbohydrates |
| Cabonyl group | C double bond O |
| What is the difference between aldose and ketose | Aldose: Carbonyl group at end of carbon chain (C1), Ketose: carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain ex C2 |
| Glycosidic linkage | the polymerization of monosaccharides via condensation reaction between two hydroxyl groups |
| Starch | Polysaccharide used for energy storage in plant cells (Alpha glucose) |
| glycogen | Polysaccharide used for energy storage in animal cells (Alpha Glucose) |
| Cellulose | Polysaccharide used in structural support in cell walls of plants and many algae (Beta Glucose) |
| Chitin | Polysaccharide, used for structural support in the cell walls of fungi and exo-skeletons of insects and crustaceans (Beta) |
| What version of glucose can animals easily break down | Alpha |
| What does alpha vs Beta versions of polysacharides mean? | the Alpha versions form glycosidic linkages on the same side, in beta versions one of the molecules must be inverted for the reaction to occur. |
| what is an ester linkage | Any of a class of organic compounds corresponding to the inorganic salts and formed from an organic acid and an alcohol, usually with the elimination of water.(fats carbohydrates) |
| amphipathic | containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |
| What are the most abundant elements in the human body? | 1. hydrogen, 2 oxygen, 3. carbon |
| why is it biochemically important atoms have unpaired electrons their outer shell? | Atoms with unpaired electrons are reactive because they readily form covalent or ionic bonds with other atoms in order to “fill the vacancies” in their outer electron shell |
| If delta G < 0 | then the reaction is spontaneous (exergonic) and can proceed without the addition of energy to the system |
| If delta G > 0 | then the reaction is unfavorable (endoergonic) and will not proceed without the addition of energy to the system |
| how is converted from carbon in CO2 into a more reactive form? | Reduce the carbon via a REDOX reaction |
| Amino functional group | NH2 |
| Carboxyl functional group | C double bond O OH |
| Carbonyl functional groups Aldehydes, Keytones | Aldehydes :C double bond o, H Keytones Cdouble bond O |
| Hydroxyl functional group | OH |
| phosphate functional group | PO4 |
| sulfhydryl functional groups | SH |
| What version of amino acids to cells use? | Left handed versions to make proteins (Right handed D- used in neurotransmitters) |
| what are Peptide bonds? | covalent bonds that link amino acids together |
| what are Chaperones and chaperonins? | classes of proteins that help other proteins fold properly |
| What is the difference between an aldose and a keytose? | Alsdose have the carbonyl group bonded to the ends of the carbon chain. A keytose has the carbonyl group bonded in the middle of the carbon chain. |
| What is the difference between the alpha and bata versions of glucose | Alpha version has the OH bonded below the plane of the ring, beta versions have the OH bonded above the ring. |
| how do Polysaccharides form? | from monosaccharides through a condensation reaction between hydroxyl groups to create a glycosidic linkage (1,4 linkage) |
| What is Diffusion | Permeable solutes moving across a membrane down their concentration gradient |
| what is Osmosis? | movement of water across a membrane from low-to-high solute concentration |
| how does cholesterol effect membrane fluidity? | it fills spaces between phospholipids and is very rigid |
| what are the tree components of a nucleotide? | pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base |
Created by:
jpf11230
Popular Biochemistry sets