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RADT 316
Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where does the spinal cord begin? | Medulla Oblongata |
| The spinal cord runs from level (1) to the level of (2). | (1) C1 (2) L1 |
| What is the function of the Intervertebral Disks? | To provide Stability, Flexibility, and Movement to the vertebral column. |
| What are the 5 sections of the vertebral column? | (1) Cervical (2) Thoracic (3) Lumbar (4) Sacrum (5) Coccyx |
| How many total bones are in the adult vertebral column? | 26 |
| How many total bones are in a child's vertebral column? | 33 |
| How many vertebrae are in the Cervical spine? | 7 |
| How many vertebrae are in the Thoracic spine? | 12 |
| How many vertebrae are in the Lumbar spine? | 5 |
| How many bones are in the (Adult) Sacrum? | 1 |
| How many bones are in the (Adult) Coccyx? | 1 |
| Which section of the vertebral column has the largest individual vertebrae as well as the strongest? | Lumbar |
| Which sections of the spine have a Concave/Lordotic curve? | (1) Cervical (2) Lumbar |
| Which sections of the spine have a Convex/Kyphotic curve? | (1) Thoracic (2) Sacrum |
| Which sections of the spine are considered Primary Curves? | (1) Thoracic (2) Sacrum |
| Which sections of the spine are considered Compensatory Curves? | (1) Cervical (2) Lumbar |
| Of the two Compensatory Curves, which develops first and why? | (1) Cervical (2) Develops when a baby begins raising their head |
| Of the two Compensatory Curves, which develops second and why? | (1) Lumbar (2) Forms when children learn how to walk |
| Compensatory Curves have this type of appearance. | Concave/Lordotic Appearance |
| Primary Curves have this type of appearance. | Convex/Kyphotic Appearance |
| The lumbar spine possesses a ______ posterior spinal curvature. | Concave/Lordotic |
| Lordosis | Abnormal anterior concavity of the Lumbar spine. AKA "Swayback" |
| Kyphosis | Abnormal convexity of the Thoracic spine. AKA "Humpback" |
| Scoliosis | Abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine. |
| Clay Shoveler's Fx | Avulsion fx of the spinous process of C6-T1. Double Spinous Process Sign. Caused by Hyperflexion of the neck. |
| Compression Fx | Wedge-Shaped vertebral body from lateral perspective. Irregular Spacing from AP perspective. |
| Hangman's Fx | Fracture of the anterior C2 arch with anterior subluxation of C2 on C3. Caused by extreme hyperextension of the neck. |
| Jefferson Fx | Bilateral Offset or Spreading of the lateral masses of C1 relative to dens (Comminuted fracture/shattering of the ring of C1). Caused by axial loading usually due to landing on the head or abruptly on ones feet. |
| Odontoid Fx | Fracture line through the base of the Dens, possibly extending into the lateral masses or arches of C1. |
| Teardrop Burst Fx | Comminuted vertebral body fragments avulsed from anteroinferior border and fragments from posterior vertebral body displaced into the spinal canal. Caused by compression and hyperflexion of the cervical region. |
| Facets: Unilateral Subluxations | Bowtie deformity caused by vertebra being rotated on it's axis. |
| Facets: Bilateral Locks | Jumped deformity where the entire vertebra is located more anteriorly than it should be. |
| Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP) | Possible narrowing in the disk spacing between vertebrae and protrusion of disk into the spinal canal on CT or MRI. Happens when the nucleus pulposus presses on the spinal cord or spinal nerves. AKA "Slipped Disk" |
| Osteoarthritis | Degeneration of cartilage and formation of osteophytes (bony outgrowths) |
| Osteoporosis | BMD (Bone Mineral Density) loss |
| Scheuermann's Disease | Mild Kyphosis and/or Scoliosis. Most common involvement in Thoracic spine. |
| Spondylitis/ Ankylosing Spondylitis | Calcification with ossification (formation of bony ridges between vertebrae), creating stiffness and lack of joint mobility. |
| Spondylosis | Decreased intervertebral joint space, foraminal stenosis, osteaphytes |
| Transitional Vertebra | Bony Projections extended laterally from transverse processes |
| The Vertebral Prominens is the bony landmark at the same level as what? | C7-T1 |
| The Jugular Notch is the bony landmark at the same level as what? | T2-T3 |
| A point 3-4" below the Jugular Notch is equivalent to what spine level? | T7 |
| The gonion is at what spine level? | C3 |
| The Sternal Angle is at approximately what spine level? | T4-T5 |
| The Thyroid Cartilage is at approximately what spine level? | C4-C6 |
| What are two ways to prevent excess scatter radiation on a lateral thoracic image? | (1) Collimation (2) Shielding |
| What are the functions of the vertebral column? | (1) Supports Trunk (2) Protects Spinal Cord (3) Supports Skull |
| What is another name for C1? | Atlas |
| What is another name for C2? | Axis |
| What is another name for C7? | Vertebra Prominens |
| What is another name for the Odontoid Process? | Dens |
| The Intervertebral Joints of C2-T12 have this joint classification and movement. | (1) Cartilaginous (2) Amphiarthrodial |
| The Z joints of C2-T12 have this classification. | Synovial |
| The Z joints of C2-T12 have this mobility type. | Diarthroidal |
| The Z joints of C2-T12 have this movement. | Plane |
| A dose reduction of ____% can occur by imaging a scoliosis series PA rather than AP. | 90% |
| How could the anode heel effect be used with the thoracic spine? | Have the Anode Side of tube toward upper chest. |
| The joint between the Skull and C1 have this joint classification, mobility, and movement type. | (1) Synovial (2) Diarthrodial (3) Ellipsoid |
| The joint between C1 and C2 have these joint classification, mobility, and movement types. | (1) Synovial (2) Diarthrodial (3) Lat: Plane/Gliding Medial: Trochoid/Pivot |
| The ________ foramina is created by the superior and inferior vertebral notches. | Intervertebral |
| The joints found between the superior and inferior articular processes. | Zygapophyseal Joints (Z Joints) |
| Inner aspect of the Intervertebral Disk. | Nucleus Pulposus |
| The ______ pass through the cervical transverse foramina. | Vertebral Artery/Vein |
| The anterior obliques (RAO/LAO) of the cervical spine demonstrate which Intervertebral Foramina? | Side Closest |
| The posterior obliques of (RPO/LPO) the cervical spine demonstrate which Intervertebral Foramina? | Side Farthest |
| The anterior obliques (RAO/LAO) of the thoracic spine demonstrate which joints? | Side Closest |
| The posterior obliques (RPO/LPO) of the thoracic spine demonstrate which joints? | Side Farthest |
| What is the degree and direction of angulation for the AP axial cervical spine? | 15 to 20 Cephalic |
| What is the degree and direction of angulation for an anterior oblique cervical spine? | 15 Caudal |
| What is the degree and direction of angulation for a posterior oblique cervical spine? | 15 Cephalic |
| In a RAO position of the cervical spine, what specific structures would be visualized? | Right Intervertebral Foramina |
| In a RAO position of the thoracic spine, what specific structures would be visualized? | Right Zygapophyseal Joints |
| The Intervertebral Foramina for the cervical spine lie at a ____ degree angle to the midsagittal plane. | 45 Degree |
| The Zygapophyseal Joints of the cervical spine (C3-7) lie at a ______ degree angle to the midsagittal plane. | 90 Degree |
| What is the ligament that holds the dens against the anterior arch of C1? | Transverse Atlantal Ligament |
| Position of the thoracic spine that best demonstrates the Intervertebral Foramina. | Lateral |
| Exposure should be made on full ______ for lateral cervical radiography. | Expiration |
| What film size is used for Cervical Radiography? | 8x10 or 10x12 |
| What SID is generally used for AP Axial Cervical? | 40" |
| What is the film orientation for most cervical views? | Lengthwise |
| kV range for Cervical Radiography | 70-80 kV |
| kV range for Thoracic Radiography | 80-90 kV |
| What is the usual SID for lateral and oblique cervical radiography? | 72" |
| What is the usual SID for thoracic radiography? | 40" |
| What is the film size for AP/Lat Thoracic? | 14x17 |
| What is the film orientation for AP/Lat Thoracic? | Lengthwise |
| Centering point for AP Axial | C4 |
| Centering point for AP Open Mouth | Center of Open Mouth |
| Centering point for AP Fuchs | Inferior Tip of Mandible |
| Centering point for PA Judd | 1" Inferoposterior to Mastoid Tips and angles of Mandible |
| Centering point for Lateral | C4 |
| Centering point for Swimmer's | T1 (1" above jugular notch or at level of C7 process) |
| Centering point for Trauma Lateral | C4 |
| Centering point for Oblique Cervical | C4 |
| Centering point for Flexion/Extension Lateral | C4 |
| Centering point for AP Thoracic | T7 |
| Centering point for Lateral Thoracic | T7 |
| Centering point for RAO/LAO Thoracic | T7 |
| The Fuchs method is a ____ projection. | AP |
| The Judd method is a _____ projection. | PA |
| Doing obliques in the AP vs PA increases your patient's thyroid dose by _____ times. | 10-15 Times |
| Which two projections will show the Odontoid in the center of the Foramen Magnum? | (1) Judd (2) Fuchs |
| Unique characteristic of Cervical Spine vertebrae structure. | (1) Bifid Spinous Process (2) Three Foramina |
| Unique characteristic of Thoracic Spine vertebrae structure. | Facets for rib articulations |
| What is the large joint space between C1 and C2? | Zygapophyseal |
| What are partial facets found on thoracic vertebrae? | Demifacets |
| Thoracic vertebrae that do not possess a facet for the Costotransverse Joint. | T11 and T12 |
| What position of the cervical spine that would best demonstrate the Zygapophyseal Joint of C1-C2? | AP Open Mouth |
| Position of the thoracic spine that best demonstrates the Zygapophyseal Joints. | Oblique |
| The Zygapophyseal Joints lie at a _____ degree angle to the midsaggital plane in the thoracic spine. | 70 Degrees |
| Common site for HNP | L4-L5 |
| What are the structures in vertebrae through which spinal nerves and vessels exit the spinal column? | Intervertebral Foramina |
| What is the thick weight bearing anterior part of the vertebra? | Body |
| Consists of a ring or arch of bone that extends posteriorly from the vertebral body. | Vertebral Arch |
| The posterior and anterior vertebral arches form a circle called ______ which protects the spinal cord. | Vertebral Foramen |
| Succession of vertebral foramina forms a tube-like opening called_____. | Vertebral Canal |
| Bony process that extends posteriorly from either side of the vertebral body and forms most of the sides of the vertebral arch. | Pedicles |
| Posterior part of vertebral arch is formed by two somewhat flat layers of bone called_____ which extend posteriorly from the pedicle and unite at the midline. | Laminae |
| Process that extends laterally from the junction of the pedicle and laminae. | Transverse |
| Process that extends posteriorly from the junction of two laminae. | Spinous |
| The outer fibrous portion of a intervertebral disk. | Annulus Fibrosus |
| The joint between C1 and skull. | Atlantooccipital Articulations |
| C1 lacks this feature of all vertebrae. | Body |
| If the left side Z joint appears more closed off than the right side Z joint on an AP open mouth view, what could be the problem? | Skull Tilted to Left |
| This thoracic vertebra has a full facet superiorly and a demifacet inferiorly. | T1 |
| Thoracic vertebrae that have demifacets both superiorly and inferiorly. | T2-T8 |
| Thoracic vertebra with only a demifacet superiorly. | T9 |
| Thoracic vertebrae with full facets only. | T10-T12 |
| The degree of rotation FROM A LATERAL position for an RAO thoracic? | 15-20 |
| The base of the skull (tip of mastoid process) should be in line with this for an AP open mouth view. | Occlusal Plane |
| Which view would show the odontoid process inside the foramen magnum? | Fuchs |
| How much is the CR angled for an AP Thoracic? | 0 |
| How much is the CR angled for an RAO Thoracic? | 0 |
| How much is the CR angled for a Cervical lateral? | 0 |
| What is the SID for a cervical lateral? | 72" |
| Why do we use the SID we do for the lateral cervical? | To compensate for large OID. |
| How much is the CR angle for the lateral thoracic? | 0 |
| How much is the CR angle for cervical swimmer's when shoulder separation is not possible? | 3-5 Degrees |
| The portion of the cervical lamina that is a short column of bone between the superior and inferior processes. | Articular Pillar |
| The joints between C1 and C2 have these movement types. | Plane and Trochoid |
| The name of the two joints between C1 and C2. | R/L Lateral Atlantoaxial (sometimes called Zygaphophyseal Joints) and Medial Atlantoaxial |
| What is the major positioning line used in the Fuchs method (other than MSP)? | MML |
| Central ray is directed ______ degrees to the MML for a Fuchs method. | 0 (parallel) |
| What technique is used on a lateral thoracic to blur structures that overlie the thoracic vertebrae? | Breathing |
| First view attempted of a cervical spine series to "clear" a patient in a collar. | CTL |
| Example of a transitional vertebra. | C7 or L1 with False Rib |
| Thoracic vertebrae that possess a facet on the transverse process for rib articulation. | T1-T10 |
Created by:
rmhale
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