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Pathology Test 4
CNS, Urinary, Abdomen & Reproductive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a localize "ballooning" or outpouching of a vessel wall? | aneurysm |
| What are some causes of an aneurysm? | trauma, infection, congenital defects, and disease |
| What are some modalities to diagnosis an aneurysm? | MRI, CT, ultrasound |
| What are some treatment options for an aneurysm? | "watch & wait", drugs to lower BP, coil emboilization, surgical clip, grafting, stenting |
| What is another term for a teratoma? | dermoid cyst |
| What kind of cyst is one that is lined on the inside with hairy skin? | dermoid cyst |
| In what location are dermoid cysts common to occur at? | ovaries |
| What is the treatment for a dermoid cyst? | surgical removal recommended because if left in place it can become malignant |
| What are the two functions of the kidneys? | maintains homeostasis by filtering the blood & waste products are eliminated through the kidneys |
| What does IVP stand for? | intravenous pyelogram |
| What does IVU stand for? | intravenous urography |
| What does an IVU & IVP measure? | excretory function: kidney filling, filtration, and excretion |
| What is the congential anomaly called when there are two collecting systems to a kidney? | bifid/ duplicating collecting systems; can be bilateral or unilateral |
| What is the agenesis of a kidney? | congenital absence of kidney |
| If there is agenesis of a kidney is there agenesis of the ureter too? | yes |
| What is the treatment for agenesis of a kidney? | nothing; one can survive with one kidney |
| What is the congenital deformity when the kidneys are fused at the poles? | horseshoe kidneys |
| What are the higher risk factors when one has horseshoe kidneys? | urinary obstruction, stone formation, vesicoureteral reflux, infection, trauma, & Wilms tumor |
| What is vesicoureteral reflux? | reflux from the bladder up to the kidneys |
| What condition is when there is excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain? | hydrocephalus |
| What are the two types of hydrocephalus? | *internal hydrocephalus *external hydrocephalus |
| What is internal hydrocephalus? | excessive cerebrospinal fluid is within the ventricles |
| What is external hydrocephalus? | excessive cerebrospinal fluid is in the subarachnoid space around an atrophied brain |
| What is an atrophied brain? | small and underdeveloped |
| What causes hydrocephalus? | *blockage of the CSF flow inside of the head *problems with the body absorbing the CSF *over production of CSF |
| What is the most common treatment for hydrocephalus? | shunts; from left ventricle to a vein, cardiac atrium or peritoneum |
| What is anencephaly? | a major portion of the brain & skull is absent |
| What are some characteristics of an individual with anencephaly? | *bulging eyes, shallow orbits *trunk is short with broad shoulders *head arises directly from trunk and cannot be flexed |
| What is the fold of dura mater that separates the cerebral hemispheres longitudinally? | falx cerebri |
| What meninge layer makes up the falx cerebri? | dura mater |
| what is the condition called when there is excess fluid in the peritoneum? | ascites |
| How is prostate cancer diagnosed? | blood test (PSA) or digital rectum exam |
| What is it called when the prostate is removed due to cancer? | prostatectomy |
| What happens in brachytherapy when treating prostate cancer? | 90-120 seeds are placed into the prostate; these seeds are part of radiation therapy treatment |
| What type of imaging is used for prostate cancer? | transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) |
| What is another name for fibroids? | myoma |
| What are uterine fibroids? | small benign tumors that develop in the uterus |
| What imaging is used with individuals who have fibroids? | MRI & ultrasound |
| What does -ptosis mean? | prolapse or drooping of any organ |
| What is nephroptosis? | one kidney is found in the lower abdomen or pelvis region |
| What does the ureter on the prolapse kidney look like normally? | shorter than the other ureter and normally just communicates directly with the urinary bladder |
| T/F: nephroptosis can happen bilaterally. | true |
| What is renal ectopia? | the kidneys are in an abnormal position or place. |
| T/F: Nephroptosis is considered an ectopic kidney. | true |
| What disease is characterized by the presence of multiple cysts in both kidneys, replacing kidney tissue? | polycystic kidney disease |
| What is the treatment for polycystic kidney disease? | no known cure; meds for pain, dialysis, surgery to remove cysts for temp. relief |
| Will a kidney transplant treat polycystic kidney disease? | not completely, it has a chance of redeveloping because its a genetic disorder |
| What imaging modalities are used to diagnosis polycystic kidney disease? | CT & ultrasound |
| When is dialysis performed on an individual with polycystic kidney disease? | when the kidney starts to fail |
| What is the birth defect that is an incomplete closure of the vertebral canal, usually in the lumbosacral area? | spina bifida |
| What disorder is one of the most common malformations of the spine involving the neural arch? | spina bifida |
| What are the two types of spina bifida? | *spina bifida occulta *spina bifida manifesta; more severe (nerve damage) |
| What is the difference between spina bifida occulta & manifesta? | occulta- incomplete closure of the spine w/o disturbance of the spinal cord; manifesta- incomplete closure of the spine w/ disturbance of the spinal cord |
| What are the meninges? | protective covering of the spinal cord |
| What are the two types of spina bifida manifesta? | *meningocele *myelomeningocele |
| What is the difference between meningocele & mylomeningocele spina bifida? | meningocele is when just the meninges are pushed through the opening of the vertebrae. myelomeningocele is when both the meninges and spinal cord are pushed through the opening of the spine |
| What is another name for spina bifida manifesta? | open spina bifida |
| Are conjoined twins identical or fraternal? | identical |
| What are the odds of conjoined twins? | 1 out of 200,000 births |
| what is another name for the mermaid syndrome? | sirenomelia |
| What is sirenomelia? | mermaid syndrome; where an individual is born with single lower extremities |
| Since there is an unknown reason why sirenomelia occurs what kind of disease is this? | idiopathic |
| What is the treatment for sirenomelia? | almost always fatal |
| What does UTI stand for? | urinary tract infection |
| What is the second most common type of infection in the body? | UTI |
| What is the treatment for UTIs? | antibiotics |
| What percentage of kidney stones are radiodense? | 80-85% |
| What is the medical term for kidney stones? | renal calculi |
| List some causes of kidney stones? | *decrease in urine volume (dehydration) *excess stone-forming substances in urine *obstructions or inflammation *meds *gout or hyperparathyroidism present |
| What are the 5 varieties of kidney stones? | *calcium; most common *oxalate (phosphate) *magnesium ammonium phosphate *uric acid; gout related *cystine |
| What is hydronephrosis? | abnormal dilation of renal pelvis |
| How can spina bifida be prevented? | women who take a daily multivitamin with B folic acid prior to and during pregnancy can reduce risk by 73% |
| What is the treatment for kidney stones? | *increase fluids to pass stone naturally *analgesics for pain *cystoscopic retrieval *lithotripsy w/ or w/o laser *chemolysis *surgery |
| What treatment plan for kidney stones uses shock waves to shatter the stones into sand-sized particles which can be passed through the urethra? | lithotripsy |
| What treatment for kidney stones uses medication introduced into the upper urinary tract by a percutaneous catheter? | chemolysis |
| What are some advantages to lithotripsy rather than surgery? | *quicker *normally an outpatient procedure *less expensive than surgery |
| What are staghorn kidney stones? | a complete or partial cast of the calyces and pelvis of the kidneys |
| How are staghorn kidney stones treated? | antibiotics and surgical removal |
| T/F: stones can form inside the diverticula inside the bladder. | true |
| Whats the difference between simple renal cyst and polycystic kidney disease? | polycystic kidney disease is genetic but both form cysts on the kidney. renal cysts can be removed and treated unlike polycystic disease. |
| What is another name for hypernephroma? | renal cell carcinoma |
| What is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults? | renal cell carcinoma |
| What is the prognosis of renal cell carcinoma? | if caught earlier, the longer the survival rate |
| What is another name for nephroblastoma? | wilms tumor |
| What is the most common kidney cancer that affects children? | wilms tumor/ nephroblastoma |
| What is urothelial carcinoma? | bladder cancer |
Created by:
mokapis
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