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Immunocompromised
Chapter 30
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are immunocompromised hosts? | These are people with one or more defects in their body's defense mechanisms against microbial invaders. |
| What are the two groups of immunocompromised hosts? | 1. defects in the innate defense mechanimsms 2. deficiencies in the adaptive immune response |
| Describe primary immunodeficiency? | These are inherited or occurs by exposure in utero to environmental factors or by other unknown mechanisms. |
| Give examples of primary immunodeficiency in innate and adaptive immune system? | Innate: complement and phagocyte deficiency Adaptive: T and B cell defects and severe combined immunodeficiency. |
| Describe secondary immunodeficiency? | This is due to an underlying disease state or occurs as a result of treatment for a disease. |
| Give examples of secondary immunodeficiency in innate and adaptive immune system? | Innate: burns, trauma, major surgery, catherization, foreign bodies and obstruction adaptive: malnutrition, infectious diseases, neoplasia, irradiation and chemotherapy |
| Congenital defects in phagocytic cells confer susceptibility for infection. Name a infection/disease? | Chronic granulomatous disease |
| What is chronic granulomatous disease? | An inherited failure to synthesize cytochrome b-245 causes a failure to produce ROS intermediates during phagocytosis. The neutropils cannot kill the invading pathogens |
| Give examples of how treatment can lead to immunosupression? | 1. Cytotoxic agents cause leukopenia, or deranged T and B-cell function. 2. Corticosteroids reducse number of lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils 3. Radiotherapy adversely affects the proliferation of lymphoid cells |
| Why are burn injuries bad? | It causes direct damage to the mechanical barries of the body and abnormalities in neutrophil antibacterial function and immune system. Hereby provides a higly nutritious surface for organisms to colonize. |
| What are the most important pathogens in burn wounds? | They are mostly aerobic. Examples: pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes |
| What bacterial species is the most important cause of surgical wound infection and how is it acquired? | Staphylococcus Aureus, acquired during surgery or post operationand may originate from the patient or another patient/staff member. |
| How can urethral catheters cause damage? | The disrupt the normal host defences of the urinary tract and allow organisms easy access to the bladder. Organisms are mostly gram - from patients own feces or from periurethral flora. |
| How can intravenous and peritoneal dialysis catheters cause damage? | They breach the integrity of the skin barrier and allow organisms from the skin flora of the patient or hands from the caretaker easy access to deeper sites. |
| What bacterial species is the most comman cause of infection from intravenous and peritoneal dialysis catheters? | Staphylococci are the most common cause of infection, particularly Staphylococcus Epidermidis. |
| What bacterial species is an important cause of infection of cardiac pacemakers, grafts and CSF shunts | Staphylococcus Epidermidis |
Created by:
Beantha
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