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Ch. 1 Bontrager
Ch. 1 Bontrager - semester 1/ positioning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | study of the structure of the human body |
| Physiology | processes and functions of the body or how it works |
| Structural organization of the body | atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, system, organism |
| Cells | the basic structural and functional unit of all living tissue |
| Tissues | cohesive groups of similar cells |
| 4 basic types of tissues | Epithelial, connective. muscular, nervous |
| Epithelial Tissue | tissues that cover internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and organs |
| Connective Tissue | supportive tissues that bind together and support various structures |
| Muscular Tissue | make up the substance of muscle |
| Nervous Tissue | make up the substance of nerves and nerve centers |
| Organs | assemblies of tissues are joined to perform a specific function |
| System | a group or association of organs |
| Organism | the 10 systems of the body when functioning together make up the total organism - one living being |
| 10 | How many body systems are there? |
| Osteology | the study of bones |
| Arthrology | the study of joints |
| 206 | How many bones in the human body? |
| Axial skeleton | all bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body |
| 80 | How many bones in the axial skeleton? |
| Appendicular skeleton | all bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities) and the shoulder and pelvic girdles |
| 126 | How many bones in the appendicular skeleton? |
| Sesamoid bones | a special type of small, oval-shaped bone that is embedded in certain tendons(most often near joints) |
| Name the sesamoid bones: | 2 patellae, base of first toe, near the anterior palmar surface of the hand at base of thumb |
| Name the classification of bones by shape: | long, short, irregular, flat |
| Long bones | bones that consist of a body and two ends or extremities - found only in appendicular skeleton |
| Short bones | roughly cuboidal bones found only in the wrists(8 carpal) and ankles(7 tarsal) |
| Flat Bones | bones that consist of 2 plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and marrow between them - sternum, ribs, scapulae, calvarium(skull cap) |
| Irregular Bones | bones that have peculiar shapes - vertebrae, facial bones, bones at base of cranium, bones of pelvis |
| Medullary Cavity | body of the long bone that is hollow that contains fatty yellow matter |
| Periosteum | dense fibrous membrane that covers bone - except at the articulating surfaces |
| Hyaline cartilage | clear glassy cartilage that covers the articulating ends of bones |
| Spongy or cancellous bone | contains red marrow in long bone where red blood cells are produced |
| Ossification | the process by which bones form within the body |
| Where are red blood cells produced? | sternum, vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, ends of long bones |
| Intramembranous ossification | occurs rapidly and takes place in bones that are needed for protection, such as flat bones of the skull cap |
| Endochondral ossification | much slower ossification - occurs in most parts of the skeleton, especially in the long bones |
| What age do long bones reach maturity? | 25 years |
| Functional Classifications of Joints | Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis |
| Structural Classification of Joints | Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial |
| Synarthrosis | immovable joint - ex: skull suture |
| Amphiarhrosis | joint with limited movement - ex: distal tibiofibular joint |
| Diarthrosis | freely movable joint - ex: upper and lower limbs |
| Fibrous Joints- Syndesmosis | joint: fibrous types of articulations that are held together by interosseous ligaments and slender fibrous cords that allow slight movement - ex: distal tibiofibular joint |
| Fibrous Joints- Sutures | found only between bones in the skull - movement is very limited |
| Fibrous Joints- Gomphoses | joint: a conical process is inserted into a socketlike portion of bone - ex: roots of teeth |
| Cartilaginous Joints- Symphyses | joint: presence of a broad flattened disk of fibrocartilage between 2 contigous bony surfaces - ex: vertebrae |
| Cartilaginous Joints- Synchondroses | temporary form of a joint wherein the connecting hyaline cartilage is converted into bone at adulthood - ex: epiphyseal plates |
| Synovial Joints | Freely movable joints, most often found in the upper and lower limbs, which are charachterized by a fibrous capsule that contains synovial fluid. |
| Plane(gliding) joints | synovial joint that allows the least movement - ex: intermetacarpal, carpometacarpal, intercarpal joints of the hand and wrist AND atlantoaxial joints between C1 and C2 |
| Ginglymus(hinge)joints | joint surfaces are molded together in such a way that they permit Flexion and Extension - ex: elbow and finger joints |
| Trochoid(pivot) joints | joint formed by a bony pivot-like process that is surrounded by a ring of ligaments - allows rotational movement around a single axis - ex: C1-C2, radioulnar joints |
| Ellipsoid(condyloid) joints | joint movement occurs primarily in one plane and is combined with a slight degree of rotation at an axis - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction ex: wrist |
| Sellar(saddle) joint | joint where ends of bones are shaped concave/convex and are positioned opposite each other - ex: 1st carpometacarpal joint (thumb) |
| Spheroidal(ball and socket) joint | Ball and socket joint that allows the greatest freedom of movement - ex: hip and shoulder |
| Bicondylar joints | joint movement in a single direct - ex: knee and TMJ of jaw |
| Radiograph | IMAGE of a patient's anatomic parts |
| Radiography | PROCESS and PROCEDURES of producing a radiograph |
| Image Receptor (IR) | the device that captures the RAD image that exits the patient |
| Central Ray (CR) | the center-most portion of the x-ray beam emitted from the x-ray tube |
| Anatomical Position | Upright position with arms adducted down, palms forward, head and feet straight ahead |
| Viewing Radiographs | the patient is facing the viewer in anatomical position |
| Sagittal plane | any longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left parts |
| Midsagittal plane | any longitudinal plane that divides the body into EQUAL right and left parts |
| Coronal plane | any longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
| Midcoronal plane | any longitudinal plane that divides the body into EQUAL anterior and posterior parts |
| Horizontal(axial) Plane | any transverse plane that passes thru the body at right angles to the longitudinal plane - dividing the body into superior and inferior parts |
| Oblique plane | a longitudinal or transverse plane that is at an angle or slant and is not parallel to the sagittal, coronal or horizontal plane |
| Longitudinal section - sagittal, coronal and oblique | section that runs lengthwise in direction of the long axis of the body or any of it's parts - regardless of body position (erect or recumbent) |
| Transverse or axial sections (cross-sections) | sectional images are at right angles along any point of the longitidunal axis of the body or it's parts |
| Base plane of skull | precise transverse plane from infraorbital margins to (EAM) external auditory meatus |
| Occlusal plane | horizontal plane formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed |
| Posterior or Dorsal | refers to the back half of the patient includes bottoms of feet and back of hands |
| Anterior or Ventral | refers to the front half of the patient includes tops of feet and palms of hands |
| Plantar | sole or posterior of the foot |
| Dorsal foot (dorsum pedis) | top or anterior surface of foot |
| Dorsal Hand (dorsum manus) | back or posterior surface of hand |
| Palmar | refers to the palm of the hand |
| Projection | the positioning term that describes the direction or path of the CR of the x-ray beam |
| Posteroanterior(PA) projection | the projection of the CR from posterior to anterior |
| Anterioposterior(AP) projection | the projection of the CR from anterior to posterior |
| AP oblique projection | an AP projection of the upper or lower limb that is rotated (must also include a qualifying term that indicates which way it is rotated such as medial or lateral |
| PA oblique projection | a PA projection of the upper or lower limb that is rotated (must also include a qualifying term that indicates which way it is rotated such as medial or lateral |
| Mediolateral or Lateromedial projections | a lateral projection described by the path of the CR. |
| Supine position | position: lying on back facing upward |
| Prone position | position: lying on abdomen facing downward |
| Erect position | Position: upright position, standing or sitting |
| Recumbent position | Lying down in any position - supine, prone, or on side |
| Dorsal recumbent position | lying on back (supine) |
| ventral recumbent position | lying on stomach (prone) |
| Lateral recumbent position | lying on side (right or left) |
| Trendelenburg position | recumbent position with body tilted with head lower than feet |
| Fowler's position | recumbent position with body tilted with head higher than feet |
| Sim's position | recumbent oblique position with patient lying on left anterior side, right knee and thigh flexed, left arm extended down behind back |
| Modified Sim's position | recumbent oblique position with patient lying on left anterior side, right knee and thigh flexed, both arms on anterior side |
| Lithotomy position | recumbent supine position with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports |
| Lateral position | side of or side view described by the body part closest to the IR or the part from which the CR exits |
| Oblique position | an angled position in which neither the sagittal nor the coronal body plane is perpendicular or at right angle to the IR. - described by the body part closest to the IR or the part from which the CR exits |
| Decubitus position | a position where a patient is lying down on a horizontal surface - the CR is horizontal and across the table form the IR |
| Left lateral decubitus position (AP projection) | patient lying on left side, x-ray beam is directed horizontally from anterior to posterior |
| Right lateral decubitus position (PA projection) | patient lying on right side, x-ray beam is directed horizontally from posterior to anterior |
| Dorsal decubitus position (left lateral) | patient is lying on back, x-ray beam is directed horizontally exiting on the left side |
| Ventral decubitus position (right lateral) | patient is lying on front side, x-ray beam is directed horizontally exiting on the right side |
| Axial projection | any angle of the CR of 10% or more along the long axis of the body or body part |
| Axial (superoinferior) projection | CR enters superiorly and exits inferiorly for special nasal bone projection |
| AP axial projection (CR 30 degrees caudal) | CR enters skull at an angle of 30 degrees aimed toward feet |
| Inferosuperior axial projection | CR enters shoulder inferiorly and exits superiorly |
| Tangential projection | CR skims the side(curve or surface of body part) Ex: side of zygomatic arch OR the front of the patella |
| AP axial chest lordotic projection | the the long axis of the body rather than the CR is angled - CR is anterior to posterior going thru chest |
| Transthoracic lateral shoulder projection (R lat. position) | patient is erect with R shoulder against IR and left arm over head. CR enters thorax laterally |
| AP or dorsoplantar projection of foot | CR enters foot from top to bottom at an angle |
| Axial plantodorsal projection of calcaneous | CR enters heel at an angle and exits back of foot |
| Parietocanthial projection (PA Waters) | Patient is lying prone with head tilted up - CR enters top of skull and exits under nose/above lip |
| Acantioparietal projection | Patient is lying supine - CR enters at an angle under nose/above lip and exits top of skull |
| Submentovertex (SMV) Projection | Patient is erect with head tilted back so top of skull is against IR on wall - CR enters horizontally under chin and exits top/middle of skull |
| Medial | body part situated toward the median plane |
| Lateral | body part situated away from to the median plane |
| Proximal | near the source |
| Distal | fartherest from the source |
| Cephalad | toward the head |
| Caudad | toward the feet |
| Interior | inside of something, nearer to the center |
| Exterior | situated on or near the outside |
| Intra- | means within or inside - prefix |
| Inter- | between things - prefix |
| Exo- | outside or outward -prefix |
| Superficial | nearer the skin surface |
| Deep | father away from the skin surface |
| Ipsilateral | on the same side of the body |
| Contralateral | on different sides of the body |
| Flexion | decrease the angle of a joint |
| Extension | increase the angle of a joint |
| Hyperextension | extending a joint beyond the straight or neutral position |
| Ulnar deviation | turn to the ulnar side |
| radial deviation | turn to the radial side |
| Dorsiflexion | decrease the angle(flex) between the top of the foot and the lower leg |
| Plantar Flexion | moving the foot and the toes downward from normal position |
| Eversion | outward stress movement of the foot at the ankle joint |
| Inversion | inward stress movement of the foot |
| Valgus | bending of the part outward or away from the midline |
| Varus | knock kneed or bending of a part inward toward the midline |
| Medial(internal) rotation | rotation or turning of a body part with movement of the anterior aspect of the part toward the inside or median plane |
| Lateral rotation | rotation of an anterior body part toward the outside or away from the median plane |
| Abduction | movement of the arm or leg away from the body |
| Adduction | movement of arm or leg toward the body |
| Supination | rotational movement of the hand into the anatomical position (palm up) |
| Pronation | rotational movement of the hand into the opposite of the anatomical position (palm down) |
| Protraction | movement forward from a normal position |
| Retraction | Movement backward or being drawn back |
| Elevation | lifting, raising or moving of a part superiorly |
| Depression | letting down, lowering, or moving of a part inferiorly |
| Circumduction | to move around in the form of a circle |
| Rotate | turn or rotate a body part on it's axis |
| Tilt | slanting movement with respect to the long axis |
| Position | term that indicates the patient's general physical position |
| Projection | describes to the path of the CR |
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