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Ch 11
Ch 11 Radiation Protection
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Effective Communication helps to reduce __________ & __________. | Helps to reduce pt anxiety & stress |
| Effective Communication helps to increase __________. | Success of the procedure. |
| What are some reasons for lack of voluntary control? | age, breathing patterns, anxiety, physical or mental instability. |
| What are some examples of involuntary control? | Peristalsis, heart beat, tremors, spasms. |
| If a patient is unable to cooperate, then _____________ might be needed. | Human immobilizers. |
| What is the first choice for human immobilizers? | male relatives. |
| What is the second choice for human immobilizers? | nonradiology staff. |
| Human immobilizers should wear what type of monitoring device? | Pocket dosimeter. |
| Very important to shield all individuals of ___________ | reproductive age & younger. |
| FDA recommends use shielding when gonads are within _________. | 5 cm (2") of the primary beam unless this would compromise diagnostic quality. |
| Shielding a male will provide a _________ decrease in gonadal dose | 90-95% |
| When shielding a male, a _________ shield is best used with recumbant views | flat contact. |
| When shielding a male, a _________ shield is best used with oblique, lateral, upright views | shaped contact. |
| when shielding females, the shield should be placed ________ to ASIS | 1 inch medial. |
| When a female is shielded, there is a decrease in gonadal dose by ____________ | 50% decrease to the ovaries |
| How many varying types of gonad shields are in use today? | 4 types! Flat, Shaped, Shadow, Clear lead. |
| What type of shield is best for sterile procedures? | Shadow shield. |
| What view generates the most exposure to the male gonads? | cross table lateral hip (central ray is directed towards gonads) |
| What type of lead shield has 30% lead in it? | clear lead shield. |
| What type of shield is used for scoliosis exams? | clear lead shield. |
| Increasing _________ will decrease pt dose. | Kvp |
| If the pt is 6-10" away from the IR, then the tube should be how far away? | 10 to 12 feet. |
| Exposure factors when using an air-gap technique are comparable to that of using a _____________ grid | 8:1 grid. |
| Average repeat rate for radiographs | 4-15% |
| Mammography repeat rate | 2 - 5% |
| Review of 49 studies (Adler,Carlton & Wold '92) showed repeat rate of ______, and ________ due to positioning | Repeat rate of ~8%, and 30% is due to positioning. |
| Most repeats are from ________, which tend to be areas with higher bone marrow. | abdomen , t-spine, l-spine |
| With digital imaging the rates of repeats has dropped due to ___________; | Technique factors. |
| In digital imaging, repeats occur mostly from ________________. | malpositioning |
| In digital imaging, the repeat rate is an average of ________% | 7.93% |
| In digital imaging, the most repeated exams are _______________ | pelvis, abd and skull. |
| What are the 4 ways to MEASURE radiation dose received by the patient? | ESE, skin dose, gonadal dose, bone marrow dose. |
| To determine ESE, no _________ is needed | no patient! This is an estimated dose. |
| ESE is estimated by calculating what factors? | technique, filatration, SID, and body part. |
| ___________ dose received at the skin during the exposure | skin dose. |
| Skin dose is measured with a _________ because the LiF crystals interact w/ ionizing radiation as human tissue does making it very accurate | TLD |
| What is MMD? | mean marrow dose, which is an estimate measurement. |
| Bone marrow contains a large number of __________ cells | stem cells. |
| SKin dose for PA chest? | 10-20 mrad |
| skin dose for skull? | 100-200 mrad |
| skin dose for c-spine? | 150 mrad |
| Skin dose for l-spine? | 300 mrad |
| MMD for PA CXR? | 2 mrad |
| MMD for skull? | 10 mrad |
| MMD for c-spine? | 10 mrad |
| MMD for l-spine? | 60 mrad |
| Gonad dose for PA CXR? | <1 mrad |
| gonad dose for skull | <1 mrad |
| Gonad dose for c-spine | <1 mrad |
| gonad dose for l-spine | 225 mrad |
| What is GSD? | genetically significant dose, which assumes the long term effects of radiation can be averaged over a population. |
| The estimated GSD for the US is _________. | 20 mrem |
| Which measurements of patient dose are estimates? | ESE, and BMD |
| Which measurements of patient dose are NOT estimates? | Skin dose and gonadal dose. |
| In diagnostic radiology, _____________ dose tends to be low. | gonadal dose. |
| Performing a PA skull vs AP will reduce exposure to the lens by _______% | 95% |
| Other means of avoiding fetal radiation exposure include | Other means include: Consent Forms, Wall Posters |
| Elective ABD exams on a childbearing female should be done during when? | The first few days after the onset of menses. |
| What is the 10-day rule? | Elective ABD xrays should only be done in the 10-day period following the onset of menses. |
| What does the ACR think about the 10-day rule? | it is obsolete! |
| Below 1 rad, the risk to the fetus is _____________ | minimal to nonexistent. |
| Above 15 rad, the risk to the fetus is _____________ | malformation. |
| When is the fetus most vulnerable? | the first trimester, from the 10th day of conception to the 10th week. |
| What is Bushong's rule? | 10-25. (<10 rad = no abortion; > 25 rad = possible abortion of fetus) |
| What is the preimplantation theory? | 5 to 15 rad. |
| When should a dosimetry expert provide consultation to a pregnant female? | When she is getting multiple high dose procedures. |
| Radiation exposure of less than __________ has not been associated with an increase in fetal anomolies or loss of pregnancy? | Less than 5 rad. |
| When exposing children, what should we do with exposure time and technique? | higher kVp, shorter exposure time. |
| How can collimating decrease dose? | decrease pt exposure/scatter and increase image quality. |
| What device can be used to immobilize children? | PIGG-O-STAT, Mostly used for CXR. |
| In fluoroscopy for peds, kVp should be __________% less than what is used on adults. | 20-25% less. |
| The ARSPI (Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging) was founded in _________. | 2007. |
| What is the purpose of the ARSPI? | Raise awareness among non-radiology users of CT. |
| In 2008, a campaign was launched to raise awareness about methods to reduce radiation dose. This campaign is called __________. | Image gently. |
| By using "child size" dose rates, one can decrease pt dose by as much as ________% | 50%. |
| ACS and ACR state that mammos should be done how often? | every other year starting at age 40. |
| HHS states that mammos should be done when? | at age 50. |
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