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Six Month Test
Comprehensive Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what's another term for internal rotation? | inversion |
| what's another term for external rotation? | Eversion |
| How is the human body in anatomical position? | stand upright, palms facing forward(supinated),everything you are seeing in the front is anterior(ventral), everything you see in the back is posterior(dorsal) |
| If you are angling your CR(central ray) to the head, how are you angling it? | cephalad |
| if the CR is angled toward the feet, how is it angled? | cauladad |
| if you on your side what position are you in? | lateral |
| what is position is in between lateral and anterior/posterior? | Oblique |
| if you are semi-pronanted with your right side against the table(side down), what position is the patient in? | RAO |
| Position is what? | the way a part or a patient is place on the IR(image Receptor) |
| what is Projection? | path of the CR(Central ray) |
| if you are in a RAO or LAO position, what kind of projection is that? | PA oblique |
| what is the opposite of the projection or what the Image receptor sees? | view |
| what are some terms for openings into an organ? | lumen(window or hollow space), foramen, aperture, orifice, hiatus, os, ostium, porous |
| what plane is made by cutting the person front to back, and divides the body into equal right and left halves? | midsagittal |
| what plane is form from cutting a person into equal anterior and posterior halves | Coronal |
| Abdomen plane? | Transpyloric |
| what are the ten body systems? | Circulatory, Respiratory, Urinary, Muscular, Integumentary, Nervous, Endocrine, Reproductive, Digestive, Skeletal |
| what are the major body divisions ? | Head, neck, trunk, extremities |
| what is the easiest and hardest to penetrate tissue density in the body? | Easiest to Hardest: air, adipose(fat), Muscle, bone |
| all long bones go under what kind of ossification? | Endocondral |
| all flat bones go under what kind of ossification? | Intermembranous |
| in endocondral ossification the main body of the bone(shaft) is called what? the ends are called what? | Diaphysis. Epiphysis |
| what is another name for the growth plate? | epiphyseal plate |
| what is the name of the diaphysis that sits next to the epiphyseal plate? | metaphysis |
| the primary center for ossification in endocondral is? | Diaphysis |
| what is the secondary center for ossification? | Epiphysis |
| what images do you use for comparisons on someone aged 17yrs and below? | AP/PA and Lateral |
| what are the five classifications of bones? | Flat, long, short, irregular, sesamoid |
| what bone is formed by friction? | sesamoid bone |
| what are the three classifications of joints? | immovable: synarthrodial(fibrous), Freely movable: diarthrodial (synovial), Slighty Movable: amparthrodial (cartilaginous) |
| what is the medical term for joint? | articulation |
| what are the three functions of bone? | Levers, support, protection |
| what does tendon attach to? | muscle to bone |
| what doe ligament attach to? | bone to bone |
| what is the covering of all long bones? | periosteum |
| what is another name for compact bone? | Cortical |
| what is another name for spongy bone? | Cancellous |
| does spongy or compact contain the bony trabeculation? | Spongy |
| what is the central cavity of the bone? | medullary |
| what is the medullary cavity lined with? | endosteum |
| what are some different types of synovial joints? | hinge, gliding, ball and socket, saddle, pivot, ellipsoid |
| what would be the wing of a bone? | allah |
| what would be a knob light process on a bone? | Condyle |
| what is a horny process on a bone? | |
| what is the narrow ridge of bone on our ileum? | Crest |
| what would be the small rounded process on top of a condyle? | upon |
| what is a hammer like process called like in the ankle? | malleous |
| what are some terms for short slender processes? | styloid, spinous, |
| what is a large rounded process like on a femur called? | trochanter |
| what is a large rounded process like on our humerus called? | greater, lesser tubercle |
| what is a pitch or depression? | fovea, sulcus, fossa |
| what are three cavities that make up your ventral cavity? | thoracic , Pelvic, abdominal |
| body habitus | natural build and where organ sits. |
| what is normal body habitus called? what vertebral level does the stomach sit? | sthenic. L2 |
| what is the body habitus with a wide build called? | hypersthenic, short lungs, high organs |
| what is the body habitus with a slight smaller build than normal is called? | hyposthenic-long lungs, low organs |
| what is the body habitus with a tall build called? | Asthenic |
| what is a ossicle? | little bone |
| what is a large rounded process like on a humerus called? | tubercle or tuberosity |
| what is the spongy material that makes up the lobes of the lung? | parenchyma |
| what is the pointed end of the lungs called? | apex |
| board flat like end of the lungs is called? | base |
| what are the angles of the lung? | costophrenic, cardiophrenic |
| what is the indentation in the medial part of the lung? | hilum |
| what is the hollow potential space between the two lungs called? | mediastinum |
| what are some structures in the mediastinum? | trachea, esophagus, heart, thymus, superior vena cava, aorta |
| esophagus vs. trachea, which sits more anterior? | trachea |
| how many lobes in the right lung? | 3 |
| how many lobes in the left lung? | 2 |
| what are the depressions between each lobe called? | fissures |
| what is the diaphragm? | large muscle between abdominal and thoracic cavity. |
| what are the 3 openings into the diaphragm? | esophagus, vena cava, and aorta |
| which dome sits higher? and why? | right because of the liver |
| when you breath in does your diaphragm go up or down? When you breath out? | it goes down when you breath in, and up when breath out |
| what is the lining cavity in the thoracic cavity that covers the lungs but not the roots?(covers the organs) | visceral pleural |
| what is the pleural that covers the wall? | Partial pleural |
| air first enters the body through what? | nasal passage |
| what are the 3 pharyngeal openings top to bottom? | nasopharynx oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| what is another name for the larynx? | voice box |
| what sits within the vocal folds? | vocal cords |
| what is phonation? | sound or voice |
| what is the silt like opening between the two vocal folds? | golitis |
| what is the leaf like cartilage the covers the golitis? | epigolitis |
| what is the adam's apple called? | thyroid cartilage |
| what is a ring like cartilage? | cricoid |
| once it goes through the laryngopharynx it goes in the air tube which is? | trachea |
| then the trachea divides at the main bronchi at? | carina- T4 |
| if a child was to inhail a peanut nut where would it be stuck? | right because its shorter and more transverse |
| the right bronchus goes into how many bronchi? left? | 3, 2 |
| lobar bronchi go into what? | segmental |
| the segmental bronchi go into what? | tertiary |
| the tertiary go into what? | bronchioles |
| bronchioles take the air into what? | alveoli sac |
| what happens to air in the alveoli sac | gas exchange |
| what is chewing called? | mastication |
| what are the largest salivary glands that sit below the ear? | Parotid |
| what is the gland that sits below the mandibule? | submandibule |
| what is the gland that sits under the tounge? | sublingual |
| what is the act of swallowing called? | deglutition |
| what is the movement of food throughout the body called | peristalsis |
| what is the lining of the stomach called? | rugae |
| in the digestive system what is the most inner to outer most lining? | mucosal, submucosal, muscular, serous |
| which lining is missing in the esophagus and why? | serous, not in abdominal cavity |
| what orifice does it pass through before entering the stomach | cardiac |
| sitting around the cardiac orifice we have a smooth muscle called a? | Sphincter |
| top part of stomach? | fundus |
| middle part of stomach? | body |
| lower part of stomach? | pylorus |
| greater and lesser what of the stomach? | curvature |
| whats the only thing that the rugae will absorb? | alcohol |
| where does food go once leaving the stomach? | duodenum |
| what is first part of duodenum that connects to pylorus? | duodenum bulb |
| what is in the c-loop of the duodenum? | superior, descending, transverse, ascending |
| what organ sits within the c-loop | pancreas |
| where does food go after duodenum? | Jejunum |
| what is the last part of the small intestine? | ileum |
| what is the major purpose of the small intestine? | to absorb nutrients? |
| what are the finger like projections called in the SI | villi |
| what is the muscle layer of the SI called? | circular muscle or plicae circulares |
| what is the junction between large and small colon called | Ileocecal valve |
| what is the blind pouch? | cecum |
| what comes off the cecum? | appendix |
| does the cecum sit in right or left side? | right |
| what part of the colon comes after cecum? | ascending, right hepatic flexure, transverse colon, left splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid, rectal,anus |
| what is the band of fiberous that run the length of colon? | tenia coli |
| tenia coli help form? | haustra |
| what is purpose of large colon? | absorb water |
| what is the largest solid organ in the body? what sits under the liver? | liver, right upper quadrant. gall bladder |
| what produces bile? | liver |
| what stores bile? | gall bladder |
| what is the purpose of bile? | to break down lipids(fat) |
| what organ is both an endocrine and exocrine? | pancreas |
| what is the main duct of pancreas? | pancreatic duct |
| what part of the pancreas secreates insulin | islets of langerhans |
| when you have the common hepatic duct joining the cystic duct what do they form? | common bile duct |
| common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct which is called? | ampulla of vater |
| ampulla of vater enters the duodenum and has what sphincter around it? | sphincter of odie |
| what part of the duodenum does the ampulla of vater enter? | descending |
| what is the lining that covers the organs of the abdomen? | visceral peritoneum |
| what is the lining that covers the wall of the abdomen? | partial peritoneum |
| when we eat fatty acids what hormone is given off to make the gall bladder secreate bile? | CCK |
| what are the 5 vital signs? | pulse, blood pressure, temp, pain, respirations |
| what devices do you use to measure blood pressure | stethoscope, Sphygmomanometer |
| what is the top number in blood pressure called? Bottom? | systolic(contracts)90-120 normal range, diastolic 50-70 normal range |
| where are some places you can take pulse | temporal, carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, dorsal pedis |
| how long should you measure pulse rate? | 60 seconds |
| what's the normal pulse rate for adults? | 60-90 |
| where are the spots we can take temp | rectal, oral, axillary, tempanic |
| what is the normal temp? rectal? axillary? | 98.6 99.6 97.6 |
| what's the normal resp. rate for adults | 15-20 |
| what's the purpose of a pulse ox? | to measure oxygen |
| what do body mechanics protect? | spine |
| when lifting something what do you want to use? | legs |
| what's better push or pull? | push |
| what is diabeties? | islets of langerhans not making enough insulin |
| what is hypoglycemic? | low blood sugar |
| what is hyperglycemic? | high blood sugar |
| what is anaphylactic reaction? | allergic to something and there is swelling |
| what are some patient rights? | right to know procedure, right to refuse, right to know billing, right to privacy, informed consent |
| what is in an informed consent? | risk, benefits, alternatives, who is going to be doing the procedure, the doctor is the one who has to make sure it gets filled out. |
| who can sign an informed consent? | the patient |
| what are different types of informed consent? | implied, written, verbal |
| what is normal ratio compressions to breaths | 30:2 |
| what age patient do we check brachial pulse? | infant |
| how many seconds should you do rescues breathing to infant? | once 3-5 seconds |
| what do standard cautions combined? | blood and body fluid, universal |
| what are types of precautions? | contact, air |
| what type of room TB patient place in? | negative pressure room |
| best method to stop hospital infections? | washing hands |
| what is direct contact? | touching blood or body fluids with no gloves |
| what is indirect contact | touching the gauze that has blood on it? |
| what is contact from a bug bite? | vector |
| what is contact with vehicle | fomite |
| what is some PPE? | gloves, gown, mask, sharps container, booties |
| why do we do a PA? | reduce magnification |
| how can you tell if a PA chest is rotated? | sc joints |
| how many ribs should we count in an adult? child? | 10, 8 |
| what info needs to be on image to make them legal? | patient name, med record #, date, where it was taken at |
| what's a good landmark for MSP on abdomen? | z. process |
| why don't we want fingers flexed? | to keep joint spaces open |
| why do we want all extremities in the same plane | joints open |
| what are some other lateral projections on hand? | extension |
| what image quality on all bone work? | bony trebeculations, soft tissue |
| why do we cup the fingers down | bring the carpals down |
| why do we do an ulnar deviation | to see scaphoid |
| why semi-pronated oblique wrist? | see lateral carpals best |
| why AP semi-sup wrist? | medial carpals best |
| what would we be looking for when we do 1 inspiration and 1 expiration chest x-ray? | movement of diagraghm, |
| if patient is laying with right anterior side to IR what position are they in? | RAO-PA |
| what does decubitus mean? | act of lying |
| how do you convert 1/2 of a second to decimal? | 1 divided by 2 |
| what does Milli mean? | 1/1000, move decimal three places to the left |
| what is the purpose of receptor system | to capture image |
| what is latent image? | image before processing |
| what part of film captures latent image? | silver halide crystals |
| if we have a direct DR system would have selium or silicon plate? | selium, then each pixels have TFT(thin film transistor) that directly converts xray to image |
| if we have indirect capture system has what plate? | silicon, and scintillator |
| what types of scintillators? | G. oxysulifide, Cesium Iodide |
| x-ray converted to what by scintillator? | light |
| then a CCD or TFT would convert light into what kind of signal? | electronic |
| for the CR plate, what part of that plate captures the latent image? | barium fluorhalide imperfect with europium |
| what is purpose of base with film? | mechanical support |
| in film what's the purpose of adhesive layer? | holds emulsion to base |
| in film what is emulsion made up off? | gelatin |
| in film what is the purpose of gelatin? | even disperses silver halide crystals |
| in film if the silver halide crystals are not evenly dispersed what type of mottle? | film grainess |
| what crystal makes up the recording medium that is thinly dispersed throughout the emulsion | silver halide |
| what are two types of halide? | bromide, iodide |
| in film what makes halide crystal imperfect? | sensitivity specs |
| when run through processor silver crystals reduce to what? | black metallic silver |
| what is purpose of overcoat? | protection |
| what do we call film coming from screen matching type of film that is receptive? | spectral matching |
| what houses film screen? | cassette |
| tube side had to be made of what? | radiolucent material |
| what is purpose of lead on back? | to reduce backscatter |
| what does cassette have that IR doesn't? | blocker |
| what are two characterists for film screen? | good film screen contact and light tight |
| how can we check for poor film screen contact? | wire mesh test |
| what does poor contact look like | blurring |
| what are some causes of poor contact? | broken latches, bent frame, foreign object |
| what does transitory cause? | error |
| what is the type of base material used for film and screen? | polyester-safety film |
| what does reflective layer do? | redirects light |
| light admitted evenly in all directions is called what? | isotropic propergation |
| what does phosphor layer do? | converts x-ray to light |
| calcium tungstate gives of what light? | blue |
| what kind of film? | blue sensentative |
| what kind of safe light filter? | amber |
| what are three rare earth elements? | yetrium, gadaleinum, lanthemun |
| what color does rare earth give off? | green |
| what does protective coat allow? | cleaning |
| any scratches or dirt on film show up as what color? | white |
| in CR system what is purpose of backing? | contains the barcode |
| what are the layers of CR system plate? | backing, base, anti-halo reflective layer, phosphor layer, protective coat |
| what does anti-halo reflective layer do? | allows good light to come in but stops backflow from fogging image |
| what is in the phosphor layer? | barium fluoro halide doped with europium |
| as europium are hit by x-ray causes them to give off what? | electron which is held in a bound state at the f center |
| how do we get electrons to release? | by using a high energy laser |
| what is purpose of low energy laser? | set histogram |
| what does progressive scanning prevent? | banding |
| what is the simplest type of beam image device? | lead apature diagphm |
| what is the extension that is straight? Flared? | cylinder, cone |
| in a collimater what is the purpose of inmovable enterance shutters | clean up stem radiation |
| what is ghosting cause by? | stem radiation |
| what angle should the mirror be at? | 45 degrees |
| how can you check that the mirror is off? | 8 penny test |
| what does the mirror have to between | focal spot and light source |
| what hardens the beam? | filter |
| what makes up built in filtration? what can we add? | tube envelope and oil, Millimeters of aluminum |
| below 50 kvp how much aluminum need? 50-70? 70-100? recommened? above? | .5, 1.5, 2.5, 2.5, 3 |
| what is the purpose of filtration? | to harden the beam |
| how does filtration harden the beam? | low energy, long wave length, improve skin dose |
| what is the purpose of beam restriction? | less tissue exposure, and reduce scatter |
| when is correct to use the word density? | film |
| when we use electronic imaging what word would we use? | brightness |
| what is density? | blackening on the IR |
| what is brightness? | measurement of lumenessents of each pixel |
| what two primary exposure factors control density | MA, SID |
| what are some things that influence density or brightness? | kvp, OID(air gap technique), pathology, patient thickness, collimation/beam restriction, grid |
| does kvp have a strong influence on density, true or false? | true |
| what do you have to do to the MA to double the density? | double it |
| what do we have to do to half our density | half our MA |
| what happens to our density when we lower MA only by 10? | it doubles our density |
| what is kvp used to control? | contrast |
| scatter produces what % density in our chest? abdomen? | 50,90 |
| film: if you take a hand image with a 200 speed system and 2 MAS, and a hand with a 800 speed system with 2 MAS which would be darker? | 800 because you don't need as much MAS |
| what happens to density over develop? | too dark |
| what happens to density when under develop? | too light |
| do you change window level or window width to change brightness(density)? | level, direct relationship |
| what's a two word term for contrast? | density differences |
| what controls contrast in the electronic system? | histogram |
| what fixes your image? | auto rescaling |
| what technical factor affects contrast? | kvp(kilovolts peak) |
| what does kvp affect quanity or quality of the beam? | quality |
| what is quality? | penetration ability |
| what do manufactures use to control film contrast? | crystal size |
| the disadvantage of high contrast film? | we lose film latitude |
| what is subject contrast | the patient |
| anything that throws off density what does it do to contrast? | lowers it |
| image with many shades of grey is that high or low contrast? | low contrast, long scale |
| image with few shades of grey and black and white color? | high contrast, short scale |
| what does scatter do to contrast | reduce |
| what noise do to contrast | reduce |
| high kvp greater than 60, whats another indicator for using a grid? | 10-12 cm part size, greater |
| for ALARA why is it better to use low MAS high KVP | low patient dose, higher penetration |
| what happens when MAS too low | graininess |
| what is the definition of record detail for film screen or spatial resolution for electronic image | ability to see small structures |
| what are the factors that affect spatial resolution/ recorded detail | SID, OID, Time(blur), focal spot size, IR |
| for IR do you want a high or low speed system to get better spatial resolution-film screen? | Low, less spread of light |
| computer matrix, do we want large or small? | Large, made up small pixels |
| if we have small pixels what happens to the pixel pitch? | small |
| if we have small pixels with small pixel pitch, what pixel packing density do we have? | high |
| what is visibility of detail? what affects it? | how well you see detail, anything that affects contrast or density |
| what's the difference between beam quality and beam quanity? | penetration ability, amount of radiation |
| how do we reduce maginification in chest? | PA, LAT and as far as possible |
| what two factors that control spatial resolution that also maginification? | SID, OID |
| what is shape distortion? | deviation from true shape, foreshortening, enlongation |
| what is the definition of the inverse square law? | intensity of radiation is inversly related to the distance square |
| if we go from a 14x17 to a 10x12 what is happening to the density to light, so what must you do? | increase MAS 40%-60% |
| what's a purpose of radiographic grid? | to produce scatter |
| where is grid place? | between patient and IR |
| what technical factor affects amount of scatter produced? | KVP |
| what patient factors affects amount of scatter produce? | size, pathology, type of tissue |
| what are two rules to use a grid? | greater than 10-12 centimeters, greater than 60 KVP |
| what do we have to increase if we are getting rid of scatter? | MAS,KVP |
| for ALARA purposes which is better to increase? | KVP |
| what would be disadvantage of increasing KVP | lose contrast, more scatter |
| when properly use a grid what does that do to our contrast? | improves it |
| what two manufacturing factors determined how well a grid works? | amount of lead (#lines per inch), grid ratio |
| what determines grid ratio? | height of grid lines divided by the width of the interspace |
| if we wanted a higher grid ratio, would we have thicker or thinner interspace? | thinner, more Efficient, decrease positioning latitude |
| what is the definition number of lead lines per unit measure? | frequency |
| if we have a high frequency 110 per inch compared to 80 per inch which would have thicker lead lines? | 80 |
| the most efficient grid would be A) High freq, high ratio B)low freq, low ratio D) low freq, High Ratio | D- low freq(more lead), high ratio (thinner interspace) |
| how to get rid of grid moire? | grids with thinner lead lines- high freq |
| what is grid cutoff? | loss of density in certain areas do to divergence of the beam |
| get rid of banding? | progressive scan for laser |
| what is least common cause of cutoff of perphireal? | grid upside down |
| what is most common cutoff where it is light image and has grid lines? | tilted, off level |
| what would cause more cutoff on side than the other? | off center |
| where would you see perphireal cutoff? | off focus |
| if we have no control on distance would we want to use a focused grid or linear parallel grid? | linear parallel, |
| where would we see cutoff on a linear parallel grid? | perphrirey |
| how do you stop cutoff? what do you have to be careful with? | use focus grid, right SID |
| what is the purpose of a potter-bucky moving grid? | blur our lead lines |
| when we have a moving grid, should it move before we have an exposure? | before |
| when should stop? | after |
| with CR system is it direct or Indirect capture? | indirect |
| layers of cassette starting with most posterior | backing-contains barcode,Base, anti-halo reflective, phosopher layer(barium fluro halide, imperfect with europium), top (protection) |
| when the radiation strikes the barium fluro halide crystals, what does it cause europium to do? | release the electrons that held In a bound state at the f-center, creates latent image |
| what do we have to do to turn latent image into manifest image? | IRD, low laser scan so you have right histogram, then high intensity to make electrons to fall back and give off light collected by photomultiplier tube and sent to CCD then sent to lookup table |
| what is the purpose to hit cassette with bright light? | erase plate |
| barium fluro halide, pick an item with high detective efficiency, is absorb or conversion efficiency? | absorb |
| if we have high DQE what does that do to our patient dose? | less patient dose |
| which is direct capture in DR? | Celinum |
| on each pixel of each we have a switch? | TFT |
| if we have amporhius silicon what makes it indirect capture? | scintillator |
| what are two types of scintillator? | gadillium oxysulfide, cesium iodide |
| where would we see G.oxysulfide | rare earth screens |
| window level controls? | brightness-direct |
| what controls contrast? | range/width- indirect |
| what can tech use to change image? | sun and moon |
| the range of exposures the IR will respond to? | dynamic range |
| range of exposures that will produce image with lowest possible dose? | exposure latitude |
| what is a histogram plot? | is different ranges of brightness |
| exposure index? | over or under exposed |
| what is the name of exposure index? | s-number 100-200, below 100 over, over 200 under |
| what is EXI # at Halifax? | 125-500, direct |
| what would give us noise suppression? | smoothing, but we lose contrast |
| what do we use if we have several images you want to put together? | stitching |
| what algorithm for a foot? | equalization |
| what is the min. scanning freq you want to set | nyquest |
| what causes ghosting on a CR plate? | heavy patient |
| CR vs. DR which is variable? | CR |
| what are three basic rules radiation safety? | time, distance, shielding |
| what do we mean by time? | time around source |
| what law is for distance? | inverse square law |
| what material is used for shield? | lead |
| where does primary beam come from? | tube |
| primary protection from the floor how high does it run up? | 7ft, 1/16th of lead in concrete |
| top of primary to ceiling is secondary protection? how thick? | scatter, 1/32inch |
| aprons, everything else thickness? | .5, .25 |
| different types of shields? | shaped, flat, shadow |
| which is good for sterile procedures? | shadow |
| what is our dose limit whole body as workers over 18 | 5 rems per year |
| hands and feet, lens | 50rems, 15 |
| what is dose limit whole body, as patient or student? declared pregnant for fetus? | .1, .5, .05 per month |
| WHAT DOES PACS STAND FOR? | PICTURE ARCHIVING COMMUNICATION SYSTEM |
Created by:
johnsoni1986
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