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EOC terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Affix | A word element such as a prefix or suffix that functions only when it is attached to a base word (EX: re- in rename and -ing in naming). |
| Adjective | Word that describes a noun or pronoun. Gives a quality such as size, color, number, appearance, etc. Can be proper (EX: Canadian), comparative (EX: better), or superlative (EX: oldest) |
| Adverb | A word that modifies a verb (EX: runs QUICKLY), adjective (EX: VERY soft blanket), or other adverb (EXTREMELY slowly). Tells how, when, or in what manner. |
| Alliteration | The repetition of the initial sounds or stressed syllables in neighboring words (EX: salty seashells). |
| Allusion | A brief reference to a historical, mythological, or literary person, place, thing, or event. (EX: Marsha was a real Scrooge with her money) |
| Antonym | A word meaning the opposite of another word. (EX: happy & sad are antonyms) |
| Archetypes | A repeated pattern that occurs across the body of all fiction. Can be a character type (EX: villain), setting (EX: deserted island), or theme (good v. evil). |
| Article | Goes before some nouns. "a", "an", or "the" |
| Assonance | In poetry, the repetition of a vowel sound within 2 or more words. These words don't have to rhyme to have assonance. (EX: "boat" and "hope" both share a long O sound) |
| Audience | The specific person or group for whom a piece of writing, a spoken message, or a visual representation is intended. |
| Autobiography | Nonfiction life story written in first person by the one who experienced the events. Usually a person of fame or merit. (EX: Michael Jordan on Michael Jordan) |
| Bandwagon | Propaganda technique that uses peer pressure or majority behaviors to influence the audience. (EX: 9 out of 10 dentists prefer...) |
| Bias | A personal and largely unreasoned judgment either for or against a particular person, position, or thing; a prejudice. |
| Biography | Nonfiction life story written usually in third person by someone with a writing background. Usually the subject is a person of fame or merit. (EX: Sally Smith on Michael Jordan) |
| Card Stacking | presenting only the information that is positive to an idea or proposal and omitting information that is contrary to that idea. (EX: Like new car- low mileage, working A/C, CD player and AM/FM stereo, brand new tires) |
| Characterization | The way in which an author presents a character. |
| Colon | : Has different jobs- can introduce a list/reason/answer after an independent clause (EX: After deliberating all day the jury reached a decision: guilty.), can show time (EX: 5:45), can separate title from subtitle (EX: Jogging: You Can Do It) |
| Comma | 1. Series 2. Greeting/Closing 3. When an item [word, phrase, or DC] begins a sentence but can't stand alone 4. Location (EX: Paris, France) 5. Dates 6. Interrupters, Renamers, & Non-essentials 7. To create a compound sentence (must use a FANBOY |
| Complex Sentence | A sentence that contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (for example, We left before you came to school. We left is the main clause and before you came to school is the subordinate clause.) |
| Compound Sentence | 1 sentence made up of two independent clauses (AKA simple sentences) joined together. To join correctly you must use a semicolon OR a comma + FANBOY (EX: My friend gave me a book, and I read it from beginning to end.) |
| Compound-Complex Sentence | 2 Independent Clauses + 1 Dependent Clause (can occur in any order) (EX: Before I went on vacation, my friend gave me a book, and I read it.) |
| Conflict | A struggle or clash of forces (EX: man v. man, man v. self) |
| Connotation | The implied meaning of a word, consisting of the suggestions, associations, and emotional overtones. All words are bear either a positive, negative, or neutral connotation. (EX: difference between "cheap" and "inexpensive") |
| Dash | – (long line) Shows a trailing off or break (EX: "Wait, come ba–", or can be used in pairs just like parenthesis for basically the same effect "Crayola– the leading supplier of children's art materials– sued Roseart for copyright infringement." |
| Denotation | The most specific or literal meaning of a word. The dictionary definition. (EX: "cheap" and "inexpensive" have the same denotation) |
| Dialogue | The conversation between characters in a literary work. |
| Direct Characterization | the author literally tells what a character is like. (EX: Amy was as mean as a snake.) |
| Drama | A literary work written in dialogue to be performed before an audience by actors on a stage. The technical term for a play. |
| Dramatic Irony | when the audience or the reader knows something a character does not know. (EX: Ashley and Tara gossip about Lynn not realizing she's still in the room.) |
| Dynamic Character | One who changes in a significant way during the course of the story (EX: Shrek) |
| Edit | To change or correct the conventions of writing such as spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. Fixing the "small mistakes" that affect only a small portion of body of writing. (EX: tryed--> tried) |
| Euphemism | Substituting a vague and usually milder expression for one that was likely too direct or harsh(EX: saying to pass away for to die). |
| Extended Metaphor | A metaphor that is carried throughout the text. (EX: life is a highway, you can drive alone or with passengers, everyone goes their own speed, you can only ever move forward, when you're done driving, you park your car in the great garage in the sky.) |
| External conflict | Clash of opposing characters or forces (EX: man v. man, man v. supernatural) |
| Fable | A brief story told in poetry or prose that contains a moral or a practical lesson about life. (EX: The Tortoise and the Hare) |
| Feet | Individual beats or syllables within a line of poetry(EX: "Roses are red" contains 4 feet) |
| Figurative Language | Language enriched by word images and figures of speech (EX: idioms, hyperbole, similes). |
| First Person Point of View | A story told by a character using the pronoun I or sometimes we. (EX: Hunger Games) |
| Flashback | The technique of disrupting the chronological flow of a narrative by interjecting events that have occurred at an earlier time. |
| Flat Character | Character who is presented as having very few traits (EX: Phil and Lil on the Rugrats) |
| Folk Tale | A story that has no known author and was originally passed on from one generation to another by word of mouth. Unlike myths, which are about gods and heroes, folktales are usually about ordinary people or animals that act like people. (EX: Brer Rabbit) |
| Foreshadowing | The use of hints or clues in a narrative to suggest future action. |
| Glittering Generality | Propaganda technique that uses emotionally charged words, but no concrete argument or analysis. Words are usually abstract. (EX: audience is asked to do something “in defense of democracy” |
| Homonym | Words that are: 1. spelled & pronounced the same but have different meanings (EX: bear= animal and bear= to support) 2. spelled the same, pronounced differently (EX: tear and tear) 3. pronounced the same, spelled different (EX: cite and sight) |
| Hyperbole | figure of speech that is a conscious exaggeration for the purpose of making a point. (EX: I could sleep for a week!) |
| Hyphen | - (short line) Works like "tape" holding words together to form compound words (EX: fire-breathing dragon, sister-in-law) |
| Idiom | Familiar sayings whose meanings are not literal (EX: It’s raining cats and dogs) |
| Imagery | Language that creates a sensory impression within the reader’s mind.(EX: The buzz-saw snarled and rattled in the yard and made dust and dropped stove-length sticks of wood |
| Indirect Characterization | the reader must infer what the character is like through the character’s thoughts, actions, words, and interactions with other characters, including other characters’ reactions. (EX: "Patricia slammed her bag on the counter." --> Readers assume she's mad) |
| Interjection | emotional exclamation inserted at the beginning (EX: HEY, bring that back!), middle (EX: I got on the boat and thought, WOAH, this thing is wobbly!), or end of a sentence (EX: I made an F, darn.) |
| Internal conflict | Clash of the character’s emotions (EX: moral dilemma) |
| Internal rhyme | Rhyme that occurs within a line of poetry (as opposed to at the end of lines) (EX: we had ARRANGED through notes EXCHANGED that afternoon) |
| Intonation | The distinctive pattern in the pitch of the voice that contributes to the meaning of a spoken phrase or sentence (EX: "Cut it out!" is a command and "Cut it out?" is a question). |
| Memoir | Similar to an autobiography, but focuses on key life experiences. Does not have to tell "it all" and does not have to be chronological. |
| Metaphor | A device of figurative language that compares two unlike objects (EX: life is a box of chocolates, the moon was a smile) |
| Meter | The basic, repeating pattern of rhythm in poetic verses. Found in ballads, sonnets, and other formal poems |
| Monologue | A long speech by a character in a play, spoken either to others or as if the character is alone. (EX: When Juliet is on her balcony talking about Romeo) |
| Myth | A traditional story of anonymous origin that deals with gods, heroes, or supernatural events. Myths explain a belief, custom, or force of nature (EX: When it rains and the sun's out the Devil is beating his wife). |
| Name Calling | propaganda technique of using words that bear negative connotations (EX: calling a policeman a pig, Delta Airlines' CEO says American Airlines' planes are like smelly buses with wings.) |
| Noun | Person, place, thing, or idea. Can be singular (EX: wish) OR plural (EX: cats), concrete (EX: boat) OR abstract (EX: fear), proper (EX: Hailey) OR common (EX: girl) |
| Onomatopoeia | The formation and use of words that imitate real-world sounds (EX: rattle, murmur, crash, bog, buzz, boink, and grr). |
| Oral Tradition | Passing down a story from one generation to the next by word of mouth. How myths, tall tales, and legends are formed. |
| Oxymoron | A figure of speech that places two contradictory words together for a special effect. A short paradox. (EX: jumbo shrimp, old news). |
| Paradox | A statement that defies logic because it contradicts itself. Listener has to alter his thinking to find an element of truth in the statement (EX: one must be cruel to be kind). |
| Parallelism | The use of a series of words, phrases, or sentences that have similar grammatical structures (EX: "I like running, hiking, and swimming" is parallel, I like to run, hiking, and to go for a swim" is not. Parallelism is about making all your words match. |
| Personification | The figurative device in which animals, objects, or abstractions are represented as being human or as having human attributes. (EX: the cat sang a sad song) |
| Plain folks | Attempting to convince the public that one’s views reflect those of the common person (EX: using the accent or slang of a specific audience) |
| Plot | The deliberate sequence of events or actions that presents and resolves a conflict in a literary work. |
| Poetry | Piece of writing that is creative on purpose and uses meaning, sound, and rhythmic language choices so as to evoke an emotional response. |
| Point of View | The perspective or vantage point from which a literary work is told. |
| Prefix | Unit of sound with it's own meaning that is placed at the beginning of a word or root, thus creating a new term. (EX: "un" in "undo") |
| Primary source | An original source—such as a work of literature, a historical manuscript, material in archival collections, or an interview—that is used as part of research. (EX: an artifact) |
| Pronoun | Replaces a noun. (EX: I, my, themselves, it, ours, this, you) |
| Propaganda | An extreme form of persuasion intended to prejudice and incite the reader or listener to action either for or against a particular cause or position, usually by means of a one-sided argument or an appeal to the emotions. |
| Refrain | A passage repeated at regular intervals, usually in a poem or song. (EX: "Fa la la la la la la la la" in the song Deck the Halls) |
| Repetition | The recurrence of sounds, words, phrases, lines, or stanzas used for emphasis. (EX: buzz buzz went the bell) |
| Revise | removing information, combining and reordering information. Fixing the "big mistakes" that affect the whole body of writing. (EX: adding a conclusion) |
| Rhyme Scheme | The pattern in rhyme or verse which represents identical or highly familiar final sounds in lines of verse (EX: AABBA in a Limerick). |
| Root | The element of a word that is the basis of its meaning. (EX: "astro" means star. All words containing "astro" have something to do with stars or outer space) |
| Round Character | Character who is complex, has lots of physical and personality traits (EX: Nemo) |
| Second Person Point of View | A piece of writing or speech that talks directly to "you." Rarely used except in fiction, but seen often in propaganda. (EX: You need to test drive a new Toyota today!) |
| Secondary source | Any source other than a primary source that is used in researching a particular subject. (EX: an article that briefly quotes the person who you are researching). |
| Semicolon | ; Joins 2 independent clauses that have a "common denominator" together to form 1 compound sentence. (EX: I am going to the store; we need milk.) |
| Setting | The time and place where the action in a literary work occurs. |
| Simile | Comparing 2 unlike things using “like” or “as.” Not literal ("Bess was like Amy" wont work, must make sense (EX: "Her brain was like a sponge" = she's smart, "Her brain was like a chair" doesn't work- there is no connection between the 2 items. |
| Simple Sentence | Contains only 1 indep. clause and no dep. clauses. Expresses only 1 thought, though it may have a compound subject (Mike and Amy) and/or a compound predicate (ate popcorn and watched a movie), and may be supplemented by 1 or more phrases (on Friday). |
| Situational Irony | When what happens is very different from what is expected to happen. We (the audience) don't see this coming. (EX: Cop gets arrested) |
| Stanza | Cluster of lines in a poem. "Poem paragraph" |
| Static Character | Character who remains the same throughout the story (EX: Angelica on the Rugrats) |
| Stem | Portion that gets added to a root. A prefix or suffix. |
| Suffix | A unit of sound with its own meaning that gets added at the end of a word to form a derivative, (EX: -ation, -fy, -ing) |
| Symbolism | The author’s use of an object, person, place, or event that has both a meaning in itself and stands for something larger than itself. (EX: Eagle --> America or freedom) |
| Synonym | A word whose meaning is the same or almost the same as that of another word. (EX: goofy & silly) |
| Tall Tale | An exaggerated story that is obviously untrue but is told as though it should be believed. (EX: Paul Bunyan stories) |
| Testimonial | The use of a quotation or endorsement, in or out of context, that attempts to connect a famous or respectable person with a product or item. (EX: Tiger Woods says "Nike's are the best golf shoes around") |
| Theme | The major idea of an entire work of literature. A theme may be stated or implied. (EX: love, friendship, good v. evil, etc.) |
| Thesis | 1 sentence statement of the central thought or main idea. Usually found at the end of the introduction section of a paper. Serves as the "road map" to the body of the essay. (EX: "Smoking can cause a person to look bad, smell bad, and feel bad.") |
| Third Person Limited | A story told by a third-person narrator whose omniscience is limited to a single character (EX: Harry Potter books) |
| Third Person Omniscient | A third-person narrator functioning as an all-seeing, all-hearing, all-knowing speaker who reads the thoughts and feelings of any and all characters. (Like a giant eye in the sky) |
| Third Person Point of View | A story told by a narrator that observes, but is not part of the narrative |
| Word Choice | The effective use of words to enhance style, tone, or clarity in writing or speaking. |
| Author's Craft | The specific techniques that an author chooses to relay an intended message (for example, the use of figurative language, tone, flashback, imagery, irony, word choice, and dialogue). |
| Independent Clause | Contains a subject, verb, and complete idea (3/3). Capable of standing alone as a sentence. |
| Dependent Clause | Contains a subject and verb, but fails to express a complete idea (2/3). Not capable of standing alone- must attach to an IC. |
| Phrase | Contains either a subject or verb, but not both, and no complete idea (1/3). Always add extra to a sentence. Sentences can have unlimited number of phrases (EX: We went to Burger King AFTER SCHOOL| ON FRIDAY | FOR FRIES.) |
| Fragment | Incomplete thought (non-sentence). Missing one or more of the three required sentence elements: subject, verb, and complete idea |
| ante- | Before (EX: antebellum = before Civil War) |
| dyn- | Power (EX: dynamite, dynamic) |
| in-/im- | In (EX:internal) |
| post- | After (EX: postpone) |
| sur- | Over/overly (EX: surreal) |
| agog | Leader (EX: pedagog, synagogue) |
| alter | Change (EX: alter-ego, alterations) |
| chron | Time (EX: chronological) |
| cracy | Rule (EX: theocracy) |
| hyper | More (EX: hyper-extend) |
| morph | Shape (EX: metamorphosis = change shape) |
| polis | City (EX: acropolis, metropolis) |
| theo | God (EX: theology) |
| cede | Go (EX: precede, succeed) |
| clus/clud/claus | Close (EX: cluster, exclude, claustrophobia) |
| duct | Lead (EX: induction, conduct) |
| hab | Customary (EX: habit, habitual) |
| greg | Flock; group (EX: congregation) |
| jur | Swear (EX: perjury = lying under oath) |
| nomen/nym | Name (EX: antonym, pseudonym = fake name) |
| nov | New (EX: novelty) |
| prim/prime | First (EX: primary grades) |
| sent/sens | Feel (EX: sensitive) |
| solv/solute | Free; loosen (EX: resolve, dissolve) |
| trac/tract | Pull; drag (EX: traction) |
| vol | Will (EX: volunteer) |
| volu/volut/volv | Roll (EX: revolve) |
| -ish | Adjective (EX: sheepish, squeamish) |
| -less | Adverb (EX: careless, thoughtless) |
| -ment | Noun (EX: Parliament, government) |
| Verbal Irony | A contrast between what is said or written and what is actually meant (EX: [Sarcastically] You sing soooo well!) |
| Legend | A traditional, historical tale that is handed down from one generation to the next, first orally and later in written form. (EX: Legend of Sleepy Hollow) |
| Coordinating Conjunction (AKA FANBOYS) | Word that links 2 independent clauses together to form 1 Complex Sentence) For And Nor But Or Yet So |
| Subordinating Conjunctions | Word that begins a dependent clause and is used to link this clause to and independent clause. These always keep the DC from being able to stand alone. (EX: When, If, Since, Before, During, While, Yet, Although, Because, After) |
| Transfer | projecting positive or negative qualities of a person, object, or value to another to make the second seem better or worse (EX: using an American flag as a backdrop for a political event implies that the event is patriotic and good for the United States.) |
| Verb | Word that shows the action or how something exists or is. Can be an action verb (EX: He HELPED.), being verb (He WAS.), linking verb (She IS glad.), or helping verb (She WILL GO home.) |
| Ellipses | ... Correct Use= to show words have been cut from the middle of a quotation. (EX: "The boys lost, but played their hearts out." --> "The boys...played their hearts out." Incorrect Use= a trailing off. To avoid, use a hyphen instead. |
| Preposition | links a noun to another word. MEMORY TRICK: The dog ran _____ the house. (EX: to, in, around, through, under, etc.) |
| Voice | The distinctive style or manner of expression used in writing. Made up of word choices, tone, connotations, mood, etc. |
| Tone | The writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward a subject, character, or audience conveyed through the choice of words and details. How the speaker SOUNDS (EX: annoyed, happy, calm, frustrated, paranoid, angry, sarcastic) |
| Vernacular | Common man's way of speaking. Includes dialect or language as well as a local accent. (EX: how Speedy Gonzalez talks) |
| Dialect | Regional way of speaking- not it's own language, but a variation of a language (EX: people in Ireland, England, Jamaica, and different parts of the US all speak English, but distinctly different versions of it.) (EX: you, ya'll, and you'ze guys) |
Created by:
jenlindemann
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