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AP Euro Cards 1
European history study for an AP course
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pope Gregory VII | (1073-1087) Reforming pope, wanted to do away with simony (selling of offices) and lay investiture (voting for church official), was challenged by HRE Emperor Henry IV and was excommunicated |
| Pope Alexander III | (1159-1181) Known for defeating Frederick I when he tried to invade Lombardy |
| Pope Innocent III | (1198-1216) Reforming pope, 4th Lateran Council, height of papal power, led crusades against the Humiliati (Italy) and the Albigensians/Cathars (S. France) |
| Inquisition | Created to stop heresy by Pope Gregory IX, courts were made during this period to search out heretics with "wrong" beliefs |
| Magna Carte | (1215) Nobles hold King John of England for ransom and make him sign this document which established common law in England and limited the power of the monarchy |
| Estates General | Created in 1302 by King Philip IV of France, a representative court made up of three groups in society (nobility, church, laity) |
| Franciscans | Founded by St. Francis of Assisi, Pope Innocent III accepted them as a branch of Catholicism |
| St. Thomas Aquinas | Most popular Scholastic philosopher, author of "Summa Theologica", believed that God could be explained by studying the earth and creation |
| Feudalism | Economic system of the High Middle Ages, land=wealth, changed with Commercial Revolution |
| Commercial Revolution | Serfs start to pay their lords money instead of military work, credit is formed, money emerges on a small scale, this led to great urbanization with towns growing especially on the coasts |
| Vernacular Writing | Came about in the High Middle Ages when writers began to write in their own tongue and not in Latin, led to a growth in literature now that common people could understand texts |
| Black Death | (1347~1352) Also called the bubonic plague, highly contagious disease that brought many deaths and changes to social life in Europe |
| Avignon Papacy | Cause of the Great Schism, started by Pope Clement V who was persuaded by King Philip IV of France to move the papacy into France, it lasted 67 years and was called the Babylonian Captivity |
| John Wyclifffe | Labeled as a heretic and killed by the Catholic Church, his followers were called the Lollards and he was a predecessor for the Protestant Reformation |
| Hundred Years' War | (14th-15th centuries) Fought by English and French over territorial reasons, fought on French soil, Joan of Arc was key in rallying the French troops |
| Nationalism | A feeling of unity and pride for one's country |
| Renaissance | "Rebirth", started in Italy, 14th-16th centuries, art focused on human figure, linear persepctive, triangles, differed in the south and the north |
| Humanism | Attention on the classics, resurgence of language, focused on secularism (a departure from scholasticism) |
| Machiavelli | "The Prince", influential writing on political development and government in the 16th century |
| Italian Wars | Fought between the Italian city states and King Charles VIII of France, marks the decline of Italian power in Europe, balance of power |
| Concordat of Bologna | (1516) A treaty between the papacy and French crown to allow France to elect its own bishops and clergy by making Catholicism the official religion, shows the decreasing power of the Church |
| King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella | Monarchs of Spain, consolidated power under the crown, brought in the Inquisition to Spain, pushed out the Moors (Muslims), made Catholicism the main religion, "Catholic Kings" |
| Charles V | The last medieval emperor, held his large territory weakly, Holy Roman Emperor during the Protestant Reformation |
| Martin Luther | (16th century) Leader of the Protestant Reformation, condemned the Catholic church for their selling of indulgences and greed, author of the 95 Theses, translated the Bible into German |
| Jean Calvin | (16th century) Reformer that believed in predestination, set a model for following churches by building his own in Geneva |
| Jesuits | Order founded by Ignatius Loyola, accepted as a branch of Catholicism by Pope Paul II, part of the Counter Reformation |
| King Henry VIII | English monarch, brought the Reformation to England, broke with the Catholic Church because the Pope refused to let him divorce his wife, established the Church of England |
| Augsburg Confession | (1530) German princes announce their faith in Protestantism, revolt against Charles V, ended with Charles V allowing the princes to decide their region's religion |
| Politiques | Rulers who put aside their religious beliefs for the sake of peace in their territory to hopefully strengthen their countries after the Wars of Religion |
| Spanish Armada | (1588) Philip II of Spain sends ships to England because of stolen gold, English support of the Dutch and the French Protestants, and the killing of Mary of Scots, a humiliating defeat for the Spanish |
| Treaty of Westphalia | Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War, stated that the German princes were free to choose Lutheranism, Calvinism, or Catholicism, recognized the United Provinces as an independent nation |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer that sailed for Spain, reached the island of Hispaniola in 1492, stirred the Europeans curiosity of the New World |
| Glorious Revolution | (1688-9) Parliament overpowered the English crown, James II is replaced by William of Orange II and Mary, established a constitutional monarchy |
| Dutch East India Company | (17th century) One country's company that lead to dominance in India before the English took it, allowed them to control African and American trade as well |
| Social Contract Theory | A term used by both Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, Hobbes believed this to be unbreakable but Locke believed in the people's power over their leader, a political term was used in the Enlightenment |
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