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Urinary System Dse
Diseases of the Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Acute Glomerulonephritis? | Inflammation of the kidneys primarily affecting children and young adults |
| How soon after a Streptococcal infection does Acute Glomerulonephritis typically occur? | 1-4 weeks |
| List the signs and symptoms of Acute Glomerulonephritis? | 1. Chills and Pyrexia 2. Anorexia 3. General Weakness 4. Generalized Edema(face/ankles) 5. Albuminuria 6. Hematuria 7. RBC casts in urine |
| The prognosis for Acute Glomerulonephritis is generally? | Good if a chronic degeneration of nephrons does not occur |
| An inflammation of the kidneys that may persist for years with remission and relapses is called? | Chronic Glomerulonephritis |
| Chronic Glomerulonephritis is usually accompanied by what condition? | Hypertension(HTN) |
| A sign of Chronic Glomerulonephritis is? | A low specific gravity of the urine |
| The end result of Chronic Glomerulonephritis can be? | Renal Atrophy and Renal Failure(RF) |
| Renal Failure causes what condition? | Uremia(Azotemia) |
| A blood condition of excessive nitrogenous waste is known as? | Uremia(Azotemia) |
| Renal Failure prevents the kidneys from doing what? | Eliminating nitrogenous wastes |
| Identify the 4 blood tests commonly used to detect renal failure? | 1. BUN(Blood Urea Nitrogen) 2. Cc(Creatinine Clearance) 3. Cys C(Cystatin C) 4. GFR(Glomerular Filtration Rate) |
| Name the causes of Acute Renal Failure(ARF)? | 1. Hypovolemic Shock 2. Blood type or Rh incompatibility 3. Kidney disease 4. Trauma 5. Poisoning |
| List the signs and symptoms of Acute Renal Failure(ARF)? | 1. Oliguria(Scanty Urine) 2. Anuria (No Urine Production) 3. Uremia(Azotemia) 4. Ammonia Breath 5. Hyperkalemia 6. Muscle Weakness that can lead to cardiac arrest |
| How is Acute Renal Failure treated? | 1. Remedy the cause 2. HD(hemodialysis)until the kidneys begin to function properly |
| Name another type of Renal Dialysis? | Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis |
| Chronic Renal Failure(CRF) is usually caused by long standing kidney disease such as? | 1. Chronic Glomerulonephritis 2. Chronic HTN 3. Diabetic Neuropathy(DN) |
| Identify the treatment options for CRF? | 1. Hemodialysis(HD) 2. Kidney Transplantation |
| Chronic Renal Failure can also be caused by? | Acute Tubular Necrosis(ATN) |
| Causes of ATN include nephrotoxic agents such as? | 1. Certain Antibiotics 2. Dyes used in diagnostic procedures |
| Suppurative inflammation of a renal pelvis is known as? | Pyelonephritis |
| What 3 pyogenic organisms usually cause pyelonephritis? | 1. E.coli 2. Strep 3. Staph |
| The organisms that cause pyelonephritis can cause what to form? | Abscess(collection of pus) |
| Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis are? | 1. Chills and pyrexia 2. Back and abdominal pain 3. Dysuria 4. Pyuria 5. Bacteriuria 6. Hematuria |
| How is Pyelonephritis treated? | Antibiotics |
| Renal carcinoma occurs more frequently in what group of people? | 50-60 yr old men (2 to 1) |
| The incidence of renal carcinoma doubles for those who do what? | Smoke |
| Why is the prognosis for renal carcinoma poor? | Metastases to the lungs, liver, bone, and brain usually occur before signs and symptoms appear |
| What is the chief sign of renal carcinoma? | Painless hematuria |
| What is the name for a malignant fast growing renal tumor in very young children? | Wilm's tumor(WT) |
| Identify the main sign of a Wilm's tumor? | Painless Hematuria |
| The prognosis for a WT is good if what? | Metastasis has not occurred |
| What are alternative names for Kidney Stones? | 1. Nephrolithiasis 2. Urinary Calculi |
| Urinary calculi occur more frequently in? | 20-40 yr old men |
| Signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis occur when? | A calculus obstructs a ureter |
| Identify the signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis? | 1. Sharp severe retroperitoneal(flank)pain radiating to the inguinal(groin) region 2. Hematuria |
| What factors can cause nephrolithiasis? | 1. Dietary Ca excess. 2. Dietary Protein and Na(sodium)excess 3. Hyperparathyroidism |
| What is the name for a calculus that fills a renal pelvis completely? | Staghorn calculus |
| Identify the diagnostic tests commonly used to detect a renal calculus? | 1. KUB 2. Renal Ultrasound 3. CT 4. IVP |
| What is the treatment method for a calculus that impedes the flow of urine? | Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy(ESWL) |
| Name the condition where a kidney becomes extremely dilated with urine? | Hydronephrosis |
| What conditions can cause hydronephrosis? | 1. Renal Calculus 2. Tumor 3. Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy(BPH) |
| Hydronephrosis is treated by? | Removal of obstruction before permanent damage to a kidney occurs |
| Identify the leading risk factors for Chronic Kidney Disease(CKD)? | 1. DM 2. Chronic HTN 3. WT gain 4. Smoking |
| Women who consume 2 or more cans of regular soda per day are twice as likely to develop? | CKD |
| What is inflammation of the urinary bladder called? | Cystitis |
| What is another name for cystitis? | Bladder Infection |
| Why is cystitis more common in females? | The female urethra is shorter than in males |
| E. Coli is the chief causative agent for what condition? | Cystitis |
| Name the signs and symptoms of Cystitis? | 1. Urinary frequency 2. Urinary urgency 3. Dysuria 4. Bacteriuria 5. Pyuria |
| Identify the methods of treatment for cystitis? | 1. Forcing fluids 2. Antibiotics |
| Prognosis for cystitis is considered? | Good |
| Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include? | 1. Wiping from front to back after a BM 2. Take showers for hygiene instead of baths 3. Do not douche unless directed by Dr 4. Refrain from wearing tight pants 5. Wear cotton underwear 6. Urinate after coitus 7. Increase fluid intake 8. Vit C in e |
| What is Urethritis? | Inflammation of the urethra |
| What bacteria may cause urethritis in males? | Gonococci(GC) |
| Signs and Symptoms of urethritis include? | 1. Dysuria 2. Balanorrhea 3. Testicular Edema |
| What condition commonly accompanies urethritis in females? | Cystitis |
| How is urethritis treated? | Antibiotics |
| PID stands for? | Pelvic Inflammatory Dse |
| PID refers to what? | Inflammation of the female pelvic reproductive organs |
| What are the common causes of PID? | Gonococci(GC) and Chlamydia |
| Identify the signs and symptoms of PID? | 1. Lower abdominal pain 2. Pyrexia 3. Dysuria 4. Pungent Leukorrhea 5. Dyspareunia |
| What is a complication of untreated PID? | Infertility |
| How is PID treated? | 1. Antibiotics 2. ASA 3. Bed Rest 4. Fluids |
| What is Vaginitis? | Inflammation of the vagina |
| Vaginitis is commonly caused by what microorganisms? | 1. Candida albicans(candidiasis) 2. Trichomonas(trichomoniasis) |
| Candidiasis is AKA? | Yeast Infection |
| Candida proliferation can occur with the use of? | 1. Antibiotics 2. Douches |
| Candida proliferation can destroy the normal vaginal flora allowing what to occur? | Opportunistic yeast infections |
| Vaginitis signs and symptoms include? | 1. Pungent Leukorrhea 2. Vaginal Pruritis 3. Vaginal Burning and soreness |
| What is a common treatment for Candidiasis? | Monistat(Miconazole) |
| A common treatment for Trichomoniasis is? | Flagyl(metronidazole) |
| The incidence of yeast infections can be reduced by doing what? | Drinking 2 or more glasses of milk daily. |
| What causes Atrophic Vaginitis? | Atrophy of the vaginal septa(walls) |
| Atrophy of the vaginal septa is commonly caused by a decrease in? | Estrogen associated with menopause |
| What is a common complaint of Atrophic Vaginitis? | Dyspareunia |
| Treatment for Atrophic Vaginitis includes? | 1. Estrogen Replacement Therapy(ERT) AKA: Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) 2. Antibiotic Creams 3. Steroid Creams 4. Water Soluble Lubricants |
| Puerperal Sepsis is an infection of the endometrium that occurs when? | After parturition or abortion |
| What is the most common cause of puerperal sepsis? | Poor aseptic technique during parturition or abortion |
| Poor aseptic technique allows what pathogens to enter the uterine wall? | 1. staphylococci 2. streptococci 3. Escherichia coli |
| The pathogens contracted from poor aseptic technique during child birth or abortion will cause? | necrosis of the endometrium |
| Septic Shock is a complication of what condition? | Puerperal Sepsis |
| The signs and symptoms of puerperal sepsis are? | 1. Pyrexia and chills 2. Profuse and/or pungent lochia |
| How is Puerperal sepsis treated? | Antibiotic therapy |
| Cervical cancer refers to? | A malignancy in the cervix |
| Prognosis for cervical cancer is good if? | It's detected before metastasis |
| What is the most common test used to detect cervical malignancy? | PAP test every 2 years |
| After age 30 and 3 consecutive negative PAP tests women can be tested how often? | Every 3 years |
| A PAP test is not required after a woman has what procedure? | Hysterectomy |
| PAP tests should begin within what time frame? | 3 years of becoming sexually active or by age 21 |
| A cervical lesion detected before metastasis is known as? | Carcinoma in Situ(CIS) |
| What are the different methods for treating Carcinoma in Situ? | 1. Conization 2. Cryosurgery 3. Cauterization 4. Hysterectomy |
| Risk factors for cervical malignancy include? | 1. Poor Hygiene 2. HPV 3. Multiple Sexual Partners 4. Intercourse at an early age 5. Smoking |
| What is the prevalence of cervical cancer? | 2nd most common cancer in women after breast cancer-#1) |
| What are benign tumors of the myometrium called? | Fibroid tumors |
| What is another name for fibroid tumors? | Leiomyomas |
| Fibroid tumors are most common in what groups of women? | 1. African American 2. Obese women |
| Risk for developing leiomyomas is? | 1 in 5 women under the age of 50 |
| Signs and symptoms of fibroid tumors include? | 1. Pelvic pain 2. Menorrhagia 3. Metrorrhagia 4. Dyspareunia |
| Treatment options for leiomyomas include? | 1. Myomectomy(excision of myoma) 2. Myolysis(coagulation of the artery feeding the tumor) 3. Hysterectomy(Surgical removal of uterus) |
| The most common ovarian neoplasm is an? | Ovarian cyst |
| An ovarian cyst is usually a? | Benign fluid filled sac |
| An ovarian cyst will usually resolve on its own with what? | Time |
| A large ovarian cyst that interferes with blood flow can be? | Surgically removed |
| Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome(PCOS) is characterized by? | 1. Androgen imbalance 2. Insuline imbalance |
| Signs and Symptoms of PCOS include? | 1. WT gain 2. HTN 3. Increased facial and body hair 4. Alopecia 5. Irregular menses 6. Major Depressive Disorder(MDD) 7. Infertility |
| PCOS can increase the risk for what conditions? | 1. Cardiovascular Disease 2. Diabetes Mellitus(DM) |
| How is PCOS treated? | 1. Healthy Diet 2. Regular Exercise 3. BCPs 4. Smoking Cessation |
| What is the prevalence of Ovarian cancer deaths in women? | 5th leading cause |
| Signs and symptoms of an ovarian malignancy are? | 1. Prolonged abdominal bleeding and pelvic pain 2. Chronic fatigue 3. Anorexia 4. WT loss 5. Prolonged urinary frequency |
| What are the risk factors for an ovarian malignancy? | 1. High fat diet 2. Nulliparity 3. Family Hx of ovarian,breast,or colorectal cancer 4. Childbearing after age 30 5. Delayed Menopause |
| During what two times during a woman's life do ovarian malignancies occur most frequently? | Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal |
| Treatment for an ovarian malignancy includes? | 1. Oophorectomy and Hysterectomy 2. Chemotherapy 3. Radiation therapy |
| What is the chemical in the blood that elevates with the presence of an ovarian malignancy? | CA-125 |
| The risk of ovarian neoplasms decreases with the use of? | BCPs |
| The most common breast malignancy is? | Adenocarcinoma |
| What factors result in adenocarcinomas of the breast occurring more often in women? | 1. Nulliparity 2. Family Hx of Breast Ca |
| Adenocarcinomas frequently occur around the time of what? | Menopause |
| List the common signs of a breast malignancy? | 1. A hard fixed lump in the upper outer quadrant of the breast 2.Axillary lymphadenopathy 3. Papillary retraction 4. Skin can pucker and/or dimple 5. Papillary discharge |
| ACS mammogram recommendations include? | 1. Annually for 40-49 yr olds if personal or family Hx exists 2. Ages 50-74 every 2 years |
| How often should Breast Self Examination(BSE)be performed? | Every month starting at age 20 |
| What is a woman's lifetime risk of developing a breast malignancy? | 1 in 8 |
| Confirmation of a suspected breast tumor can be made with? | Stereotactic needle biopsy(Bx) |
| Malignant breast tumors can metastasize to what organs via the lymphatic system? | Lungs,Liver,Brain,and Bones |
| What are the methods of treatment used for a breast malignancy? | 1. Lumpectomy 2. Mastectomy 3. Radiation therapy 4. Chemotherapy |
| What factors increase the incidence of a breast malignancy? | 1. ETOH 2. Smoking 3. Sedentary Lifestyle 4. Consuming Sugary Sweets 3 or more x week 5. ERT(Estrogen Replacement Therapy) 6. BCPs 7. Nulliparity 8. Folate Deficiency |
| What are some foods that are rich in folate(folic acid)? | 1.Leafy Green Vegetables 2. Fortified Cereals 3. Legumes 4. Citrus 5. Bananas 6. Melons 7. Blackberries |
| Breast malignancy risk can be significantly reduced with? | 1. Moderate exercise 2. Healthy weight 3. Breastfeeding |
| Breast malignancies are most common in women over what age? | 45 |
| The younger a person is with a breast malignancy means? | The more aggressive the disease |
| The most common benign tumor of a breast is called? | Fibroadenoma |
| What characteristics are typical of fibroadenomas? | 1. Solid 2. Round 3. Rubbery 4. Painless 5. Move Freely |
| A second type of benign tumor of a breast is called? | Fibrocystic Changes(FCC)or AKA: Lumpy Breasts |
| Fibrocystic changes usually occur in both breasts and increase in size and tenderness just prior to? | Menses |
| A third type of benign breast tumor is? | A fluid filled cyst |
| What characteristics are typical of a breast cyst? | 1. Round 2. Moveable 3. Increase in size and become tender just prior to menses |
| Toxic Shock Syndrome is commonly caused by proliferation of what microorganism? | Staphylococci |
| TSS is associated with use of what? | Tampons |
| Identify the signs of TSS? | 1. Hyperthermia(pyrexia >104.0) 2. Rash 3. Peeling Skin 4. GI Distress 5. Hypotension |
| How is TSS treated? | 1. Fluid Replacement 2. Antibiotic Therapy |
| Women who use tampons are encouraged to do what? | 1. Change tampon frequently 2. Avoid Super-absorbent tampons |
| Premenstrual Syndrome(PMS) is a group of symptoms that start 1-2 weeks before what ? | Prior to menses |
| PMS usually cease with the onset of what? | Menses |
| Signs and Symptoms of PMS include? | 1. Lower abdominal pain and bloating 2. Breast swelling and tenderness 3. Cephalalgia 4. WT gain 5. Acne 6. Insomnia 7. Mood Swings 8. Anxiety 9. MDD 10. Irritability 11. Hostility 12. Crying Spells 13. Food Cravings 14. Clumsiness 15. Fatig |
| Treatment for PMS includes? | 1. Increase water intake 2. Regular Exercise 3. Support Groups 4. Stress Management Techniques 5. The avoidance of salt,sugar,caffeine, and ETOH 6. OTC Analgesics |
| Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder(PMDD)is a severe form of? | Premenstrual Syndrome(PMS) |
| The signs and symptoms of PMDD are severe enough to do what? | Interfere with work,social activities,and relationships |
| Treatment for PMDD includes? | 1. Sedatives 2. Antidepressants |
| Endometriosis is a condition caused by? | Ectopic endometrium |
| Ectopic endometrium responds to the cyclic hormonal stimulation and can cause what? | 1. Pelvic pain and Bloating 2. Menorrhagia 3. Metrorrhagia 4. Fatigue 5. Sterility |
| How is Endometriosis treated? | 1. Laparoscopic excision of ectopic endometrium 2. Oral Contraceptive Pills(causing amenorrhea) |
| An ectopic pregnancy(EP) occurs when the fertilized ovum implants where? | In tissue other than the uterus(womb) |
| What is the most common site for an EP? | Fallopian Tube(Oviduct,Uterine tube)AKA: Tubal Pregnancy |
| What are the causes of Ectopic Pregnancy? | 1. Salpingitis associated with STDs causing fallopian adhesions 2. Endometriosis |
| Identify the signs and symptoms of Ectopic Pregnancy? | 1. Unilateral abdominal and/or pelvic pain 2. Vaginal Bleeding 3. Vertigo 4. Weakness and Syncope 5. N+V |
| Ectopic Pregnancy is treated by? | Termination of pregnancy with methotrexate or laparoscopic salpingostomy |
| What is another term for spontaneous abortion? | Miscarriage |
| What is often the cause of spontaneous abortion during the first trimester? | Fetal Genetic Abnormality(Anomaly) |
| A spontaneous abortion usually occurs between what time of gestation? | Between the 7th-12th weeks of gestation |
| Causes of miscarriage include? | 1. Infection 2. Drugs,ETOH,Smoking,and Caffeine 3. Poor Nutrition 4. Toxins 5. Radiation |
| What is Dilation and Curettage? | Surgical procedure performed to scrape endometrium if placental tissue remains after a spontaneous abortion |
| Another name for Toxemia is? | Preeclampsia |
| Preeclampsia only occurs during when? | Pregnancy(usually after 20 wks) |
| Identify the main signs of preeclampsia? | 1. Pregnancy induced Hypertension(PIH) 2. Albuminuria 3. Edema 4. Unusual WT gain |
| If seizures develop while preeclamptic, the condition is then called? | Eclampsia |
| Techniques to prevent eclampsia include? | 1. Prenatal care 2. Proper nutrition |
| What is prostatitis? | Inflammation of the prostate |
| What 2 microorganisms commonly cause Prostatitis? | 1. E.coli 2. Gonococci |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include? | 1. Urinary urgency 2. Urinary frequency 3. Dysuria 4. Pyuria 5. Hematuria 6. Painful ejaculation |
| Prostatitis usually responds well to what treatment? | Antibiotic therapy |
| What is Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy? | Nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate |
| BPH is more common after what age? | 50 |
| The enlarged prostate can frequently be palpated by what method? | Digital Rectal Exam(DRE) |
| When the enlarged prostate squeezes the urethra,the patient will complain of? | 1. Dysuria 2. Urinary retention |
| Untreated urinary retention can cause? | Hydronephrosis |
| BPH is treated by? | 1. Avodart or Flomax 2. Cystoscopy and TURP(Transurethral Resection of the Prostate) |
| A prostatic malignancy may be small and initially what? | Asymptomatic |
| List the signs and symptoms of a Prostatic Carcinoma? | 1. Dysuria 2. Hematuria 3. Anorexia and WT Loss 4. Nocturia 5. Urinary incontinence(AKA: Enuresis) |
| What is the name for the blood test used to detect a predisposition for prostatic carcinoma? | Prostatic Specific Antigen(PSA) |
| A PSA should be performed how often for men over age 50(45 for African American)? | Annually |
| What areas are most common for prostatic carcinoma to metastesize? | 1. Rectum 2. Lymph 3. Bone |
| A good prognosis for Prostatic carcinoma depends on what factor? | Early detection |
| Treatment options for Prostatic carcinoma include? | 1. Chemotherapy(estrogen) 2. Bilateral Orchiectomy 3. Radiation therapy 4. Prostatectomy |
| What is the condition of an undescended testicle known as? | Cryptorchidism |
| Cryptorchidism can eventually lead to? | Sterility |
| How is Cryptorchidism treated? | 1. Orchiopexy 2. Orchiectomy |
| What is the term for inability to achieve or maintain an erection? | Impotence (or Erectile Dysfunction) |
| What are the causes of ED? | 1. Poorly controlled stress 2. Arteriosclerosis 3. DM 4. Complications of prostatectomy 5. Trauma 6. Side effects from medications 7. Drugs and/or alcohol abuse |
| What are the treatment choices for ED? | 1. Viagra,Levitra,and Cialis 2. Penile Implant |
| STDs are also known as? | STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections) |
| Methods used to reduce incidence of STIs include? | 1. Abstinence 2. Monogamy 3. Barriers(Condoms) |
| What is the most common STD? | Chlamydia |
| Chlamydia is the number one cause of? | Pelvic Inflammatory Disease(PID) |
| True or False: Untreated Chlamydia can cause sterility in women? | TRUE |
| True or False: Chlamydia infections are often symptomatic? | FALSE-Chlamydia infections are often Asymptomatic |
| Signs and symptoms of Chlamydia in WOMEN include? | 1. Dysuria 2. Pungent Vaginal Discharge 3. Dyspareunia 4. Dysmenorrhea 5. Abdominal Pain 6. vaginal Pruritis |
| Signs and Symptoms of Chlamydia in MEN include? | 1. Dysuria 2. Balanorrhea 3. Testicular Edema |
| Chlamydia can be cured by? | Antibiotics |
| Gonorrhea is caused by what microorganism? | Gonococci |
| What STD is the 2nd most common? | Gonorrhea |
| What does untreated gonorrhea cause in men and women? | Sterility |
| If Gonorrhea is transmitted to a fetus during delivery what can it cause? | 1. Blindness 2. Possibly Death |
| How soon after exposure do signs and symptoms of Gonorrhea usually appear? | 2-10 days after exposure |
| True or False: Gonorrhea infections cannot be asymptomatic? | False-They can be asymptomatic |
| Signs and symptoms of Gonorrhea for WOMEN include? | 1. Greenish-yellow vaginal discharge 2. Lower abdominal pain 3. Pharyngitis 4. Dysuria |
| Signs and symptoms of Gonorrhea for MEN include? | 1. Greenish-yellow balanorrhea 2. Dysuria 3. Pharyngitis 4. Testicular Edema |
| Gonorrhea can be cured by? | Antibiotics |
| The Primary stage of Syphilis is characterized by? | Chancres |
| What are Chancres? | One or more painless ulcers that appear on the penis,labia,lips,tongue,or anus |
| How soon after contact will a syphilitic chancre develop? | 10-90 days AFTER contact |
| How quickly does a chancre heal then disappear? | 3-6 weeks |
| The primary stage of Syphilis is treatable with? | PCN |
| If Primary syphilis is left untreated, the secondary stage begins within how long after exposure? | 6 wks-6 mos and lasts 1-3 mos |
| What characterizes the second stage of syphilis? | Non-pruritic rash typically on the palms and soles |
| The Secondary stage of Syphilis is treatable with? | PCN |
| The Tertiary stage of Syphilis can occur how long after the primary infection? | Years after |
| The Tertiary stage occurs in approximately what percentage of those infected with syphilis? | 30% of the infected |
| Identify the complications of the Tertiary stage of syphilis? | 1. Heart Disease 2. Blindness 3. Mental Illness 4. Death |
| What are the blood tests used to identify Syphilis? | 1. VDRL 2. RPR 3. EIA |
| What is Genital Herpes? | Extremely painful chronic viral disease caused by the HSV 11 virus |
| How soon after exposure does symptoms of HSV 11 generally occur? | Within 3 wks of exposure |
| Signs and symptoms of HSV 11 include? | 1. Multiple painful(burning),pruritic vesicles that appear on the genitalia,buttocks, and thighs 2. Dysuria 3. Vaginal Discharge |
| The active lesions of HSV 11 appear when what is compromised? | Immune system |
| HSV 11 is more easily transmitte when the lesions are? | Active |
| The treatment for outbreaks of genital herpes is? | Antiviral Drugs |
| True or False: There is a cure for Genital Herpes? | FALSE-There is NO cure |
| How many different types of HPV are there? | 40 different types |
| For most, what will defeat the HPV? | Immune system |
| 90% of HPV lesions(warts) are caused by how many types of HPV viruses? | 2 Types |
| How soon after exposure may HPV lesions appear? | Weeks or Months after sexual exposure |
| In which locations do the HPV warts commonly appear? | 1. Penis and Scrotum in men 2. Perineum in women |
| The primary symptoms of HPV are? | 1. Pruritis 2. Pain |
| 75% of all Cervical malignancies are caused by how many other types of HPV? | 2 types |
| What is the name of the vaccine for the 4 types of HPV? | Gardasil(3 doses over 6 mos) |
| Gardasil is approved for males and females of what age range? | Ages 9-26 yrs |
| Best results occur if Gardasil is administered prior to what? | Exposure |
| Uncircumcised men are how much more likely to be infected with HPV? | Three times more likely |
| Identify the treatment options for HPV? | 1. Antiviral medications 2. Electrocautery 3. Cryosurgery |
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