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Positioning 2 Final
Bony Thorax- BE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What forms the bony thorax? | Sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic vertebrae |
| Which projection and body position will demonstrate the sternum through the heart? | PA Oblique, RAO |
| How much should the body be rotated for a Pa oblique projection of the sternum | 15-20 degrees |
| Which SID is recommended for the lateral projection of the sternum for mgmt of magnification? | 72" SID |
| Where should the patient's hands be positioned for an upright lateral sternum? | Locked behind the back |
| What is the respiration for a lateral sternum? | Deep Inspiration |
| the CR angle for a lateral sternum | Perpendicular |
| Where is the center of the IR positioned for a PA projection of the Sternoclavicular joints? | 3rd thoracic vertebra |
| How is the head positioned for a PA projection of both sternoclavicular articulations (bilateral exam) | with the chin on the grid/bucky |
| How is the patient's head positioned for a PA projection of one SC joint? (unilateral exam) | with head turned toward the affected side |
| How much is the body rotated for a PA oblique of SC joints? | 10-15 degrees |
| When performing the PA oblique of the SC joints, which joint would be demonstrated? | The joint closest to the IR |
| How long is the sternum? | 6" |
| How is the IR positioned for a lateral sternum? | top of the IR is 1 1/2" above the jugular notch |
| How do the anterior ends of the thorax lie in comparison to the posterior ends? | 3-5" lower |
| The CR for a PA projection of the upper ribs | perpendicular |
| Where is the bottom of the IR positioned for an AP ribs below the diaphragm? | at the iliac crests |
| Which ribs are best demonstrated on a PA oblique? | side farthest from the IR |
| Which ribs are the true ribs? | 1-7 |
| Which ribs are demonstrated on an AP oblique projection? | Side closest to the IR |
| the space between each of the ribs is called? | intercostal spaces |
| which position would best demonstrate the anterior/axillary 6th rib on the left side? | RAO |
| which type of body habitus will the diaphragm be at the highest level in the body? | hypersthenic |
| How far is the top of the IR placed above the upper border of the shoulder for projections of the ribs? | 1 1/2" |
| Which ribs are the false ribs? | 8-12 |
| How much is the body rotated for an AP or PA axillary projection of the ribs? | 45 degrees |
| What is the respiration for an AP projection of ribs below the diaphragm | suspend on full expiration |
| What is the respiration for the PA projection of the upper ribs? | suspend on full inspiration |
| If ribs 7-9 aren't well demonstrated on the PA upper anterior projection, one should angle the CR? | 10-15 degrees caudad |
| What are the advantages of using an SID of 72" for chest radiography? | decreased magnification of the heart and sharper outlines of the delicate lung structures |
| Where does the trachea lie in relation to the esophagus? | anterior |
| How many posterior ribs should be visible above the diaphragm on a PA chest projection? | 10 |
| what is the optimal position of the patient for exams of the heart and lungs? | upright |
| what is the name of the double-walled serous membrane sac that encloses the lung? | pleura |
| how far above the shoulders should the IR be positioned for a PA and lateral chest? | 1 1/2" - 2" |
| What is the best respiration for a PA or lateral chest? | suspend on full inspiration--second breath |
| Where should the top of the IR be positioned for a PA oblique projection of the lungs? | 1 1/2" - 2" above the vertebral prominens |
| What are the parts of the mediastinum? | heart, esophagus |
| How many degrees of body rotation is required for routine AP or PA oblique chest? | 45 degrees |
| If the patient cannot be placed in the lordotic position for radiography of the pulmonary apices, what is the CR angle that can be used to project the clavicles above the apices? | 15-20 degrees cephalad |
| For PA oblique projections of the chest, the side of interest is? | the side farthest from the IR |
| the area between the two lungs is termed? | mediastinum |
| The right lung is how much shorter than the left? | 1" |
| what is the CR angle for the lordotic position demonstrating the pulmonary apices | perpendicular |
| Why is the left lateral chest the most common used for lateral radiographs? | patient's heart is closer to the IR |
| what is the degree of body rotation for the PA oblique, LAO position of the chest during a cardiac series? | 55-60 degrees |
| the lungs are composed of a light, spongy, elastic substance called? | parenchyma |
| The part of the lung that extends above the clavicle is? | apex |
| what is the name of the tongue-shaped process on the anterior-medial border of the left lung? | lingula |
| what is the CR for a PA chest? | perpendicular |
| Which plane must be accurately parallel with the IR to prevent distortion of the thoracic structures during a lateral chest? | MSP |
| To what vertebral level is the CR directed for PA and lateral chest radiographs? | T7 |
| What is the term used to describe air within the pleural cavity? | pneumothorax |
| the most commonly performed abdominal exam is? | KUB |
| what is the respiration for an AP abdomen in the supine position? | suspend on deep expiration |
| where is the center of the IR positioned for an AP abdomen done in the upright position? | 2" above the iliac crests |
| If a patient is unable to stand for an upright AP abdomen which position should be used? | Left lateral decubitus |
| What plane is perpendicular to the grid for a lateral projection of the abdomen? | MCP |
| What is the respiration for an AP or PA abdomen upright? | suspend on expiration |
| What organs lie within the abdominal cavity? | stomach, gallbladder, kidneys |
| One of the primary reasons a left lateral decubitus abdomen is done to demonstrate? | air/fluid levels |
| the folds of the peritoneum that surround and support the abdominal organs are called? | omenta and mesentery |
| the outer portion of the sac that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is? | parietal peritoneum |
| where is the center of the IR positioned for an AP abdomen in supine position? | iliac crests |
| the serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic walls is called? | peritoneum |
| the narrow space between the two layers of peritoneum is called? | peritoneal cavity |
| The CR angulation for an AP abdomen is? | perpendicular |
| What organs lie in the pelvic cavity? | rectum and urinary bladder |
| The inner portion of the sac that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is called? | visceral peritoneum |
| If the patient can't flex the neck to place the OML perpendicular to the IR for a Towne projection ,which line should be placed perpendicular? | IOML |
| the cranial bones are joined together by articulations called? | sutures |
| which of the following lines is placed perpendicular to the plane of the IR for the AP Axial (towne) projection when the patient can flex the neck? | OML |
| for an SMV projection of the cranial base, the CR should be perpendicular to the? | IOML |
| what is clearly demonstrated within the foramen magnum during an AP axial (towne)of the skull? | dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid processes |
| how many bones make up the cranium? | 8 |
| if the IOML is placed perpendicular to the IR during an AP axial Towne projection of the skull, how much is the CR angled? | 37 degrees caudad |
| Which plane of the head is placed parallel to the plane of the IR for the lateral projection of the skull? | MSP |
| which line should be placed parallel to the plane of the IR for the SMV projection of the cranial base? | IOML |
| Which should be seen superimposed on a lateral skull? | orbital roofs, EAM, temperomandibular joints |
| The CR and center of the IR position for a lateral skull is? | 2" above the EAM |
| Often a patient cannot be turned into the prone position for the PA axial skull (caldwell) What CR angle could be used if the AP axial projection is used instead? | 15 degrees cephalad |
| the CR angle for the PA axial (caldwell) projection of the skull is? | 15 degrees caudad |
| The thickest and densest portion of the bone in the cranium is? | petrous portion of the temporal bone |
| What is the name of the suture that connects the two parietal bone with the occipital bone? | lambdoidal suture |
| for a lateral projection of the facial bones the IR is centered? | zygomatic bone |
| which is placed parallel to the transverse axis of the IR for a lateral facial? | IOML |
| the parietoacanthial projection of the facial bones is commonly called? | Waters method |
| for the waters method the OML is placed at what angle to the IR? | 37 degrees |
| Which of the following is centered to the IR for the parietoacanthial projection of the facial bones? | acanthion |
| which part of the patient's face is touching the bucky for a waters projection of the facial bones? | chin |
| where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the nasal bones? | 1/2" distal to the nasion |
| how many bones make up the face? | 14 |
| which facial bone contains a foramen through which the tear duct passes? | lacrimal |
| which facial bones form the roof of the mouth? | maxillae and palatine |
| What is true regarding the lateral projection of the nasal bones? | both sides are done for comparison the IPL is perp to the table top |
| which facial bones are clearly demonstrated on the waters method? | orbits, maxillae, zygomatic arches |
| the CR angle for the PA axial (caldwell) projection of the facial bones is: | 15 degrees caudad |
| which of the following is perpendicular to the plane of the IR for a caldwell projection of the skull? | OML |
| which of the patient's face touch the table for a PA axial projection (caldwell)facial | forehead, nose |
| with reference to the IR, how should the CR be directed for the waters method of the facial bones? | perpendicular |
| which evaluation criteria pertains to the lateral projection of the facial bones? | orbital roofs superimposed, sella turcica should be seen in profile |
| Which reference line is perpendicular to the IR for the PA and PA axial mandibular rami? | OML |
| What is the CR angulation for the AP axial projection of the zygomatic arches? | 30 degrees caudad |
| For the tangential projection of the zygomatic arch the top of the head is tilted how many degrees? | 15 degrees away from side examined |
| The axiolateral oblique projection is used to demonstrate the mandible. How is the head positioned to demonstrate the ramus of the mandible? | TLP |
| What is the CR angulation for the PA axial projection of the mandibular rami? | 20-25 degrees cephalad |
| for the SMV projection of the zygomatic arches the CR is directed perpendicular to? | IOML |
| Both zygomatic arches can be demonstrated on one projection for which of the following projections? | SMV and AP Axial |
| Which line is placed perpendicular to the plane of the IR for AP axial projection of the zygomatic arches? | OML |
| for the tangential projection of the zygomatic arch, the head is positioned so the MSP is? | 15 degrees toward the side being examined |
| for the tangential projection of the zygomatic arch the Cr is directed perpendicular ot? | IOML |
| the largest and most dense bone of the face is? | mandible |
| What projections will clearly demonstrate any medial or lateral displacement of fracture of the mandibular rami? | PA and PA axial |
| what is the name of the thin, tapered projection of the ramus that site anterior to the mandibular notch? | coronoid process |
| the Axiolateral oblique projection is used to demonstrate the mandible. How is the head is positioned to demonstrate the symphysis of the mandible? | MPS 45 degees toward the IR |
| the axiolateral oblique is used to demonstrate the mandible. How is the head positioned to demonstrate the body of the mandible? | MSP 30 degrees toward the IR |
| What is the CR angulation for all the projections of the mandible? | 25 degrees cephalad |
| Where is the IR centered for the AP axial projection of the zygomatic arches? | Mandibular angles |
| the name of the most anterior and central part of the mandible is known as? | symphysis |
| The respiration for all projections of the facial bones and sinuses are? | suspended |
| which sinus is located immediately below the sella turcica? | sphenoidal |
| which sinus is projected through the mouth on the open mouth waters? | sphenoidal |
| what is included as functions of the sinuses? | decrease the weight of the skull, warm and moisten inhaled air, and provide a resonating chamber for voice |
| at which level should the CR enter the base of the skull for the SMV sinuses? | 3/4" anterior to level of EAM |
| the parietoacnathial projection (waters) of the sinuses requires the OML to be placed how many degrees from the plane of the IR? | 37 degrees |
| What must be projected below the maxillary sinuses for the waters method of the sinus? | petrous pyramids |
| the successfully demonstrate the ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses on the SMV what must occur? | the IOML must be as parallel as possible with IR and the CR must be perpendicular to the IOML |
| For a lateral projection of the sinuses the CR is directed? | 1/2 - 1" posterior to the outer canthus |
| What should be clearly demonstrated on a lateral sinus | all 4 sinus groups, superimposed orbital roofs, superimposed mandibular rami |
| What 3 views compose a routine sinus series? | lateral, caldwell, waters |
| what contrast media are used for exams of the GI tract? | air, barium sulfate, water-soluble iodinated contrast |
| The degree of body rotation for the PA oblique of the stomach will depend on the body habitus. The greatest degree of rotation would be used for which body habitus? | hypersthenic |
| the PA projection of the stomach best demonstrates the | entire stomach and duodenal loop |
| What is the degree of body rotation for a PA oblique esophagus? | 35-40 degrees |
| what is the recommended oblique projection and position that best demonstrates the esophagus? | PA, RAO |
| which body habitus is the stomach almost horizontal? | hypersthenic |
| how much is the body rotated for the PA oblique of the stomach and duodenum? | 40-70 degrees |
| what body habitus is the stomach almost vertical? | asthenic |
| which projection of the stomach best demonstrates diaphragmatic herniation? | AP Trendelenburg |
| Which plane is centered to the grid for the lateral projection of the esophagus? | MCP |
| How much lower should the IR be positioned when the upright position is used for projections of the stomach? | 3-6 inches |
| Which projection of the stomach best demonstrates its anterior and posterior surfaces? | lateral |
| degree of body rotation for an AP oblique stomach ranges from: | 30-60 degrees |
| Which of the following are commonly performed oblique projections of the stomach and duodenum? | AP projection, LPO PA projection, RAO |
| the muscular opening between the stomach and the duodenum is termed? | pyloric sphincter |
| the stomach wall is composed how many layers? | 4 |
| the contraction waves by which the digestive tube moves its contents toward the rectum is called? | peristalsis |
| functions of the stomach include? | storage of food and chemical breakdown of food |
| What projection will best demonstrate the fundus of the stomach? | AP Oblique, LPO |
| the patient prep for a morning stomach exam is? | food and fluid are withheld after midnight |
| the expanded portion of the terminal esophagus is called? | cardiac antrum |
| the folds of the thick inner lining of the stomach is called? | rugae |
| for all projections of the esophagus, the top of the IR is positioned at | the level of the mouth |
| at which level is the IR centers for a Pa projection of the stomach and duodenum? | L1/L2 |
| Which projection best demonstrates the colon right colic flexure? | PA oblique, RAO |
| what projection of the colon best demonstrates the lateral aspect of the ascending colon and the medial aspect of the descending colon when the colon is inflated with air? | Left Lateral decubitus |
| The CR on an LPO of the colon enters | 1-2" laterl to the MSP on the elevated side |
| Which exam best demonstrates polyps in the colon? | Double contrast BE |
| Which BE projections is the CR entering the level of the iliac crests? | AP, RAO, Right lateral decubitus |
| The main functions of the large intestine are: | Reabsoprtion of fluids and elimination of waste products |
| the visualization of which structure usually indicates the completion of a small bowel series? | cecum |
| in which BE projection is the CR directed perpendicularly to the MCP at the level of the ASIS | Lateral or cross table lateral |
| the pouches in the large intestines are called? | haustra |
| which of the following exams routinely require the use of time markers? | small intestine |
| the wall of the colon is composed of how many layers? | 4 |
| volvulus is? | twisting of the bowel on itself |
| direct injection of contrast into the duodenum is called? | enteroclysis |
| which of the following contrast mediums are used for exams of the GI tract? | Air, BaSO4, Water soluble non-ionic iodine |
| when inserting the tip for a BE what is required? | Exhalation and sim's position |
| methods of radiographically examining the colon include | single contrast and double contrast |
| how many degrees is the patient rotate for an RAO of the large intestine | 35-45 degrees |
| Which barium enema projection usually does not require that the transverse colon be included in the image? | AP axial |
| which structure is of primary interest for the LPO projection of the barium enema? | right colic/hepatic flexure |
| when placing an enema tip, how far into the rectum should the tip be placed? | no more than 4" |
| the BE bag should hang how far above the anus? | 18-24" |
| the opening between the small and large intestines is called? | ileocecal valve |
| how many degrees and in what direction should the Cr be directed for the AP axial projection for a barium enema? | 30-40 degrees cephalad |
| the veriform appendix of the colon is attached to the? | cecum |
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