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241 Radiobio Unit 2
241 Radiobiology Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All living things are made up of this thick, viscous suspension substance that constitutes the physical basis of all living activities | Protoplasm |
| Protoplasm exhibits what 6 properties | 1) Assimilation,2)Growth,3)Motility,4)Secretion,5)Irritability, and 6)Reproduction |
| Smallest unit of protoplasm capable of independent existence is the | Cell |
| Groups of cells that perform the same basic activity are called | tissues |
| What are the 4 types of tissues | 1)Epithelial,2)Connective,3)Muscular, and 4) Nervous |
| Groups of tissues that work in close association and perform a specialized function are called | Organs |
| A _____ is the next higher level of organization and consists of a group of organs that work together to perform a common function | System |
| A _____ is a person, dog, or bird and is the highest level of organization | Organism |
| All radiation damage is at the ______ or _____ level | Cellular or subcellular |
| Protoplasm consists of organic compounds mainly these 3 | Carbon,Hydrogen, and Oxygen |
| Inorganic compounds are what | Salts, Water, and minerals |
| Inorganic compounds and organic compounds are both _____ or ____ in water | suspended or dissolved |
| Water is the most common substance inside the cell and makes up ____ to ____% of all its content | 70 to 85% |
| Water has many functions in a cell what are they(3) | 1)holds and transports substances,2)chemical activities, and 3) temp buffer |
| If a cell has to much water in it there is a possibility of what | Rupture |
| Moving water in and out of the cell is done though ____ | osmosis |
| Osmotic pressure is determined by the concentration of what indie and outside the cell | mineral salts or solutes |
| A solution causing a cell to shrink is considered _____ | hypertonic |
| If too many solutes/mineral salts are inside the cell then the cell will swell this is called ______ | hypotonic |
| Having osmotic pressure equal to that of the circulating blood is called ____ or _____ | isotonic or isomotic |
| Mineral compounds also prevent _____and salts aid in the production of energy as well as in the conduction of ____impulses | cramping, nerve |
| What are the 4 major classes of organic compounds in a cell | Proteins, lipids, carboyhydrates, and nucleic acids |
| ____are macromolecules or polymers | proteins |
| Large molecules formed by joining together simple units is known as _____ into long chains | monomers |
| Proteins make up about ____% of a cell | 15% |
| List the 4 functions of proteins | 1)building of new tissue,2)repair of injured or broken town tissue,3)intercellular messengers, and 4)composition of enzymes |
| Enzymes are what | large protein molecules that control the speed of most chemical reactions inside the cell |
| Antibodies are made of _____ | Proteins |
| There are about ____ amino acids found in nature but only ____are essential to humans | 80, 20 |
| Proteins building blocks are _____ ____ | Amino acids |
| Amino acids consist of a carbon atom surrounded by an _____ ____(NH2), a _____ ___(COOH) and a side group (R) | Amino group, carboxyl group |
| Which of the following is the cause for an amino acid to be different from another amino acid 1) Carbon atom 2) Amino Group 3) Carboxyl Group or 4) Side Group(R) | 4) Side group |
| Lipids are also known as _____ | Fats |
| Lipids make up about ____% of a cell on average | 2 |
| When cells take in more energy than it needs it stores it as what | Fat/Lipids |
| ____molecules are what cells usually gets its energy | Sugar |
| Lipids are soluble in water, True or False | False-Lipids are soluble in alcohol, ether, oil and chloroform NOT water |
| What are the 5 functions of Lipids | 1)Energy Storage,2) Integral component of cell membrane,3)Protection against cold/heat, 4) Assistance in digestive processes and 5) Components of substances such as hormones |
| Carbohydrates make up about ___% of a cell | 1 |
| ______ provides most of the cells energy and are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen | Carbohydrates |
| Carbohydrates are stored throughout the body but primarily in the ___ and ____ | Liver and Muscles |
| Carbohydrates hae a large number of _____-_____ bonds and release large amounts of energy when they are broken through metabolism | Carbon-Hydrogen |
| Carbohydrates have a ratio of _:_:_ | 1:2:1 |
| What are the 3 Classifications of Carbohydrates | 1)Monosaccharides,2)Disaccharides,3)Polysaccharides |
| ______ is glucose or fructose and the primary source of energy for a cell | Monosaccharides |
| ______ is sucrose, lactose and maltose are not easily metabolized and are a storage from of energy that can be readily be converted into simpler forms | Disaccharides |
| _____ is starches, dextrin, cellulose and glycogen and consist of long chains of complex carbohydrates | Polysaccharides |
| _____ ____ are macromolecules that are the blueprint for reproduction of the cell,protein synthesis, transport mechanism and control metabolism and reproduction | Nucleic Acids |
| What are the 2 types of nucleic acids | DNA and RNA |
| What are the 2 major sections of a cell | Cytoplasm and Nucleus |
| Organelles are structures inside the nucleus, true or false | false organelles are outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm |
| ____ ____ is a limiting structure, it actively and passively regulates the flow of all substances into and out of the cell | Cell membrane |
| ____ ___ ____ produces proteins for export outside the cell | Rough(Granular) Endoplasmic reticulum |
| ____ ____ ___ synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids and is involved in detoxification | Smooth (Agranular) Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| ____ ____ Divides cell into subunits, concentrates and packages secretory products, participates in carbohydrate synthesis and the binding of other organic compounds to proteins | Golgi Body or Apparatus |
| ______ contains enzymes capable of recycling old organelles by breaking down proteins, carbohydrates and lipids | Lysosome |
| ____ Provides energy to cell through oxidation, also involved in protein synthesis | Mitochondria |
| ____ Synthesizes and releases proteins in response to messenger RNA | Ribosome |
| _____ directs cellular activity and also transmits genetic info | DNA |
| ______is linear thread that contains DNA | Chromosome |
| ____is a basic unit of heredity, located on a chromosome | Gene |
| ____ ____ contains nuclear material and allows only some proteins and RNA to pass though | Nuclear Membrane |
| _____ Contains most of the RNA | Nucleolus |
| _____ controls protein synthesis and transfers amino acids to ribosome and also assists in RNA reproduction | RNA-mRNA, tRNA and mRNA |
| The function of the nucleus is to contain the ____ and ______ info of the cell | genetic and metabolic |
| The nucleus contains what 4 components | 1)nuclear envelope,2)chromosomes,3)nucleolus,and 4) nuclear sap-the liquid portion of a cell nucleus |
| The nuclear membrane is a Double or Single walled structure | Double |
| The nuclear envelope has a space between the walls this space is contiguous or connected to the space between the membranes of the endoplastic reticulum. True or False | True |
| The nuclear envelope has areas where the two walls are pinched together to form ____ ____ | nuclear pores |
| Nuclear pores are filled with proteins that allow some materials to pass b/t the cytoplasm and the nucleus while preventing other materials. True or False | TRUE |
| What are the only 2 known material that can pass though the nulclear envelope | Proteins to be incorporated into the nuclear structure and various RNAs |
| Chromosomes are composed of ______ and ______ | protein and deoxyribonucleic acid *DNA* |
| What are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA needed for encoding information necessary to control the metabolism and reproduction of a cell | Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine |
| DNA consists of what 3 major components | 1)Deoxyribose-a sugar backbone, 2) Phosphoric acid-a phosphate backbone and 3) 4 nitrogenous bases-the actual genetic code |
| Adenine and guanine are considered _____ and Thymine and cytosine are ______ | purines and pyrimidines |
| Adenine must always bond with Thymine b/c both of them have a _______ bonding mechanism | 2 hydrogen |
| Guanine must always bond with cytosine because they both have a _____bonding mechanism | 3 hydrogen |
| The backbones of DNA are made up of what 3 things | sugar, deoxyribose and phosphoric acid |
| DNA backbones create a twisting ladder effect and this is called ____ ____ | double helix |
| Genes are found in Pairs also known as ____ and determine the character of the organism in one of two ways | Allels |
| Gene pairs that match are termed _______ while pairs that do not match are called _______ | homozygous and heterozygous |
| Genes can be ____ or ____ in the expression of a trait | Dominant or recessive |
| 23 pairs of chromosomes is called _____ | diploid or 2n |
| 23 chromosomes in a cell is called _____ | haploid |
| Gametes or reproductive cells have ____ number chromosomes | 23 |
| Somatic cells have ___ number chromosomes | 46 |
| The nucleolus is composed of ________ which controls protein synthesis in all living cells and is similar to DNA in structure | Ribonucleic acid or RNA |
| RNA differs from DNA in what ways (3) | 1) RNA sugar is Ribose as opposed to deoxyribose in DNA and 2) the base uracil replaces tymine, and 3) RNA is a single helix instead of a double helix |
| _____carries the code for specific amino acid sequences from the DNA to structures in the cytoplasm | messenger RNA or mRNA |
| ____ transfers amino acid groups to the ribosome for protein synthesis | transfer RNA or tRNA |
| ____ exists in the ribosome and is thought to assist in protein synthesis | ribosomal RNA or rRNA |
| All metabolic functions occur in the _____ | cytoplasm |
| There are 2 types of metabolic functions what are they | Anabolism—building up and Catabolism—breaking down |
| The cell membrane is composed of _____ and ____ | lipids and proteins |
| The cell membrane is the limiting structure and is analogous to the skin of an organism, True or False | TRUE |
| the lipids in the cell membrane create a ______ walled structure with the long “tails” of the lipids touching each other | two |
| Proteins in the cell wall help transport substances though the cell wall allowing for a regulation or _____ _____ | selective permeability |
| ____ ____ on the outside of the cell membrane trigger a reaction inside the cell when it comes into contact with a specific molecule such as a hormone | receptor proteins |
| ____ ____ on the outside of a cell membrane identify the cell as being a specific type of cell | Marker proteins |
| _______ are extremely small portions of the submicroscopic structure of a cell that functions to synthesize proteins | Ribosomes |
| Ribosomes are made up of several forms of rRna and proteins, True or False | TRUE |
| DNA sends info on how to produce a protein to the ribosome via _______ | mRNA |
| The Endoplastic Reticulum is made up of a ____ bilayer with embedded proteins similar to the cell membrane | Lipid |
| Rough ER is considered ______in nature and has many _____ attached to it | Granular, Ribosomes |
| Rough ER is devoted to the production of _____ | protein |
| Smooth ER is considered ____ in nature and does not have any of these attached | Agranular, Ribosomes |
| Smooth ER has many types of enzymes embedded into the membrane that are used to build carbohydrates and lipids and to detoxify some substances found in the cell, True or False | TRUE |
| Mitochondria do not contain their own DNA. True or False | FALSE-mitochondria do contain their own DNA and is used to produce the proteins necessary to release energy from sugars |
| Energy that is provided through catabolic processes is known as ____ which breaks the carbon-hydrogen bonds of sugar | oxidation |
| This Muscle contains the greatest number of mitochondria in its cells which one is it. | Cardiac or heart muscle because of its large need of energy |
| Lysosomes are sometimes called this | Suicide sacs |
| If a lysosome sac ruptures it will not harm the cell, True or False | FALSE- if the sac ruptures then it will kill the cell |
| Somatic cells go through ______ a type of cell division | Mitosis |
| Somatic cells have 5 basic phases that they go through what are they | Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase |
| Mitosis has 4 phases what are they | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase |
| During this phase the cell is considered resting or in a state of metabolic function what is it | Interphase |
| Interphase is divided up into 3 subphases what are they | G1, S and G2 |
| In the subphase S of interphase what is the cell doing | DNA replicates but stays attached to the centromere |
| A Centromere is what | a clear region in the middle of each chromosome |
| When the number of chromosomes in a cell has doubled in S phase it is called what | Tetrad |
| In G2 phase what is the cell doing | organelles are reproduced, chromatids reproduce and DNA coils tightly together |
| These types of cells undergo Meiosis | Germ or reproductive cells |
| During meiosis the mother cell divides into 2 daughter cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes then divides again into 4 cells with 23 chromosomes each. True or False | TRUE |
| Cells that are dividing abnormally are called what | Malignant |
| Malignant cells differ from normal cells in 2 whys what are they | Increased amount of Chromatin and increased ratio of nuclear material to cytoplasm |
| When cancer cells break off and spread to other portions of the body this is called | metastasize |
| Radiobiology is the merging of what 2 scientific disciplines | Radiologic Physics and Biology |
| Radiobiology by definition is a branch of science that deals with what | the modes of action and the effects of ionizing radiation on living matter |
| This famous scientist observed the emission of rays from uranium containing material who was he | Henri Becquerel |
| Radioactivity was coined by who | Marie Curie |
| What year did Pierre and Marie Curie discover radium | 1898 |
| What is the name of a reddening of the skin after exposure to Radiation | Erythema |
| Loss of hair is called | Epilation |
| Who was the first person to die in the U.S. due to Radiation exposure | Clarence Dally |
| In short what does the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau state | That immature or rapidly dividing cells are the most radiosensitive |
| There are 2 types of biologic effects due to ionization processes in tissues what are they | Direct Effects and Indirect Effects |
| _____ effects the DNA of a cell | Direct |
| _____ effect causes a reaction with the water of a cell | Indirect |
| ______ is the name of the process of the formation of free radicals in water | radiolysis |
| ______ is the process of dividing a radiation dose into several small doses given over a time period | Fractionation |
| Ionizing radiation can cause “radiounique” mutations. True or False | FALSE- any type of damage caused by ionizing radiation can also be caused by heat, chemicals, or mechanical trauma |
| In 1956 a Doctor named Puck successfully cultured mammalian cells in an artificial media what type of cells where they | Carcinoma of the Uterine cervix of a human pt. |
| What is the name of the carcinoma cells that were the first to be cultured artificially | HeLa |
| In 1987 the NCRP reconfirms that ___mSv as annual permissible dose and redefines lifetime allowable dose as ___________ | 50mSv(5Rem) and 1Rem X Age of operator |
| The average percent of squares that will be hit by radiation photons is | 63%-this means that given a # of squares or targets and an equal number of photons being shot at the targets. Of the # of squares 63% of them will be hit. |
| Effects inside the cell due to a chain of events can be very difficult to determine what exactly is going on in each step because of the high almost instantaneous speeds that it happens. True or False | TRUE |
| Radiation interactions with cells can be one of 2 things what are they | Ionization or Excitation (excitation is where 1 or more electrons is pushed into a higher energy state*suborbit* from which the q) |
| Biologic changes occur only after a ________ during which no evidence of damage is present | Latent period |
| Direct Action *direct effects* that hit the DNA of a cell have High or Low LET | High LET as such with Fast neutrons |
| When Radiolysis occurs in a cell the water molecule is broken down into what chemical composition | HoH+ and e- |
| A _____ is a single unpaired electron | Free Radical |
| When free radicals interact in water then it creates hydroxyl atoms which combine with water creating Hydroperoxyl radicals which is the basics of _______ | Hydrogen peroxide |
| LET is the rate at which the energy of the radiation was transferred to tissue True or False | TRUE |
| When LET goes up SI goes up or down | UP |
| RBE stands for | Relative biologic effectiveness |
| RBE compares the biological damage of one type of radiation to what | 250kvE of xrays to produce the same effect |
| What is a dose-response curve | a graphical representation of the relationship between the amount of radiation absorbed(dose) by a cell and the amount of damage(response) seen |
| Response curves are either ____ or ____ where there is a proportional or non proportional relationship between dose and response | Linear or Nonlinear |
| Non linear curves are also called what (3) | 1)curvilinear, 2) sigmoid, or 3) linear-quadratic |
| Response curves are either _____ or ____ depending on the level or lack of level damage or no effect is observed | Threshold or Nonthreshold |
| There are 4 types of dose response curves name all 4 | 1) Linear Nonthreshold, 2) linear Threshold, 3) Nonlinear Nonthreshold and 4) Nonlinear threshold |
| A Nonlinear Nonthreshold curve looks like what | Where the line is curved and it starts at the 0,0 location on an xy graph |
| _________ means a random in nature effect | Stochastic effect |
| A linear nonthreshold dose response curve can be summarized as (4) | 1)No threshold, 2)severity of effect is directly proportional to dose, 3)No reduction in effect at small dose rates 4) Exhibits a stochastic or statistical response |
| Nonlinear Threshold dose response curve have the following characteristics 5 | 1)Usually has a threshold, 2) partial recovery from lower doses 3)decreased response at lower doses 4)there is atleast a plateau and probably a downward turn at high doses, 5) Exhibits nonstochastic behavior |
| Nonlinear Nonthreshold dose response curves have the follow characteristics 4 | 1) No threshold, 2)linear response at low dose levels, 3) quadratic response at high dose levels 4) exhibits the stochastic or statistical effect |
| Stochastic and _____ mean random in nature | Statistical response |
| Deterministic effects increase in severity with dose and a threshold is assumed true or false | True |
| Deterministic effect is sometimes called certainty effects True or False | TRUE |
| _____ means that the dose of radiation is not enough to kill a cell and the cell has a chance to recover from the damage | sublethal |
| The Oxygen effect is what | The more Oxygen in the cell the more damage that is done to the cell |
| OER stands for what | Oxygen enhancement ratio |
| OER is the ratio of the amount of radiation damage done when oxygen is present compared to the amount of damage when oxygen is not present. True or False | TRUE |
| Most biologic damage occurs as a result of a _____ of the chromosomal backbone | Breakage |
| The backbone of DNA is made up of _____ and _____ | Sugar and phosphates |
| When one backbone breaks in a DNA strand it is called a ____ _____ | Point mutation |
| When both backbones break in a DNA strand it is called a ____ ____ | frameshift mutation |
| Point mutations are more common with Low or High LET radiation | LOW-they are associated with a greater chance for repair |
| The rate of cancer increases with exposure to radiation this is known as a ______ effect | carcinogen |
| This involves a portion of the arm of the chromosome being snapped off this is called a _______ effect | One break |
| If a broken portion of the chromosome is called a ______ | deletion |
| If the deletion (broken chromosome) does not reattach it is called a ____ ____ | terminal deletion |
| If a chromosome break reattaches in an inverted position it is called a ____ | inversion |
| If the broken chromosome reattaches to another chromosome other than the original then it is called a _____ | duplication |
| When there is 2 breaks in a chromosome this is called a ____ ____ effect | two break |
| This is similar to terminal deletion except that two segments are produced | Interstitial deletion |
| ______ is similar to inversion in one break effects except that two segments break off invert and reattach | Inversion |
| _____ is one or both segments attach to another chromosome | duplication |
| When 2 chromosomes exchange segments is ______ | translocation |
| Acentric fragments are what | when 2 fragments attach themselves to each other and have no centromeres |
| Dicentric fragments are what | when 2 fragments attach themselves to each other and have 2 centromeres |
| Acentric fragments are a loss of genetic information that can lead to cell alteration or death, true or false | TRUE |
| The doughnut shaped mutation in chromosomes is called | Ring chromosome |
| There are 5 characteristics of radiation mutation what are they | 1) germ sell mutation has an effect on future generations and somatic mutation effect on the individual 2)effects are nonspecific 3)mutations are undesirable 4)effects cumulative 5)A threshold exists |
| The ____ _____ states that there are areas on the DNA chain that if damaged are lethal to the cell | Target Theory |
| What are the 3 possible target theories | 1) single target/single hit 2)single target/multiple hit or multiple target/single hit 3)multiple target/multiple hit |
| The cell survival curve represents what | the percentage of cells not killed by various doses of radiation |
| With complex cells like human cells it is thought that atleast one hit to at least two targets is needed to what the cell | Kill |
| The cell survival curve for humans has a shoulder at high doses, True or False | FALSE the shoulder is at LOW doses |
| What are the 3 classifications of cell types | Stem, Transit and Static |
| Stem cells exist to __________ and ___________ for another population | self-perpetuate and produce |
| Transit cells are cells in _______ to another population | movement |
| Static cells are cells that are fully ______ and do not exhibit ______ activity | differentiated and mitotic |
| VIMs are what | Vegetative intermitotic tissue cells-Rapidly dividing undifferentiated and have a short lifetime (basal cells and Crypt cell of intestines) |
| DIMs are what | Differentiating intermitotic cells- produced from VIMs very actively mitotic and relatively undifferentiated by more differentiated then VIM cells(Type B spermatogonia) |
| MCTs are what | Mulipotential connective tissue cells-highly differentiated cells that still divide but do so irregularly(blood vessels) |
| RPMs are what | Reverting postmitotic cells-do not normally divide but can do so under some situations (liver cells) |
| FPMs are what | Fixed postmitotic cells-highly differentiated and do not divide at all (Nerve cells) |
| Parenchyma is what part of an organ | functional tissue |
| Stroma is what part of an organ | broadly defined as connective tissue and vasculaure that supports the organ parenchyma |
| Organs that are highly sensitive to radiation and show responses quickly are considered ______ _____ _____ | acutely responding oragns |
| Organs that are not as sensitive to radiation and do not show response to months later are called _____ _____ ______ | late responding organs |
| Lymphoid tissue shows signs of hypoplasia following doses of ____ to ____ | 200 1000rads |
| Cornea of the eye and the liver demonstrate effects with doses of ____ to _____ | 1000 to 5000 rads |
| Muscle, brain and spinal cord show effects at ______ | 5000rad |
| The 4 R’s of Radiation Therapy | Recovery, repopulation, reoxygenation, and redistribution |
| Early Effects refers to effects that occur _____ after radiation exposure | soon |
| Acute radiation syndromes involve what 3 things | full body exposure, high dose, short amount of time |
| What is the concept of 50% of the population dieing within 30 days called | LD50/30 |
| What are the 3 lethal syndromes | Hematologic Syndrome, Gastrointestinal Syndrome, CNS syndrome |
| Prodromal means what | “running before” meaning 1st phase of a disease |
| The _____ phase is when there is no manifested symptoms | latent |
| The _____ phase is when symptoms occur | Manifested |
| What are the 4 phases of a syndrome | Prodromal, Latent, Manifested and Recover/death |
| The LD50/30 value for humans is what | 250-450+ Rads |
| ______ ______ is a bone marrow or hematopoetic syndrome that causes a decline in RBC, WBC, and platelets | Hematologic Syndrome |
| Hematologic Syndrome has a effect range from ____ to ____ | 100 to 1000 |
| Diminished supply of bloody cells is called | Pancytopenia |
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