MBC - Lecture 48 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Lecture 48 | Lipid Soluble Vitamins II, Water Soluble Vitamins I; |
Synthetic form of vitamin K has ___ chains and is ___ potent. | 0 chains, more potent |
Source of vitamin K are ___ and ___. | dietary and intestinal microbes |
Vitamin K is absorbed in the ___ and ___. | colon and distal ileum |
Vitamin K Dependent Carboxylases: | Prothrombin, Factors VII, IX, X |
Factors VII, IX, X and prothrombin contain a unique modified glutamate residue, ___. | γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla) |
Gla residues are formed from newly synthesized factors by ___ in the liver (before secretion). | vitamin K-dependent carboxylase |
Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase uses both ___ and ___. | O2 and CO2 |
The CO2 is incorporated into the ___ residue at the ___ position. | glutamate residue, γ-position |
Vitamin K (epoxide) is reduced to vitamin K (quinone) by ___. | vitamin k epoxide reductase |
Vitamkin K (quinone) is reduced to vitamin KH2 (hydroquinone) by ___. | vitamin k reductase |
Warfarin (Coumadin) | Vitamin K analog (rat poison), inhibits both vitamin K epoxide reductase and vitamin K reductase, inhibits coagulation |
Gla is a high affinity ___ chelator. | calcium |
Gla/calcium complexes allow interaction with ___ membrane lipids, leading to correct protein structures. | acidic |
Vitamin K deficiency is detected by ___. | prothrombin time |
Most water soluble vitamins are ___ and cannot be ___. | essential, synthesized |
Water soluble vitamins are used as ___ for reactions (exceptions are ___ and ___). | coenzymes, (ascorbic acid/vitamin C, biotin) |
Pathophysiology of water soluble deficient vitamins is result of reduced ___ activity. | enzyme |
Water soluble vitamin deficiency presents with: | multiple common deficiencies and overlapping findings, challenge is to recognize isolated and multiple deficiencies |
Water soluble vitamin deficiency is treated by: | complete vitamin supplement, easier than individual testing for deficiency |
Overlapping findings for water soluble vitamin deficiency: | rapid turnover of cell types, dermatitis/glossitis/cheilitis/diarrhea, impaired energy transduction, peripheral neuropathy, depression/confusion/malaise/lack of coordination |
Causes of water soluble vitamin deficiency: | vitamins not stored, decreased intake/absorption, increased requirement, decreased precursor |
General order of appearance in water soluble vitamin deficiency: | decreased blood levels, altered cell function, clinical symptoms, gross anatomical defects |
Toxicity of water soluble vitamins: | toxicity recapitulates deficiency by enzyme inactivation (exception is biotin and vitamin C since no enzyme) |
Important reactions involving thiamine pyrophosphate are: | transketolase/transaldolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
Thiamine pyrophosphate levels can be measured by enzymatic assessment of ___. | RBC transketolase |
Active form of thiamin is ___. | thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) |
TPP is an ___. | enzyme cofactor |
Thiamin-ATP Phosphoryltransferase | Catalyzes the formation of TPP |
Additional phosphorylation yields ___, used in nerve conduction. | thiamin triphosphate (TP3) |
Thiamine is found in ___. | most foods |
Thiamin Deficiency | Early manifestations include anorexia/nausea/constipation, later manifestations include depression/peripheral neuropathy/ataxia/opthaloplegia |
Wenicke-Korsakov’s Psychosis | Thiamine deficiency, especially in chronic alcoholism |
FMN and FAD are ___ and unable to be synthesized de novo. | essential |
Complex II (ETC) is ___, a ___ dependent enzyme. | succinate dehydrogenase, flavin |
Dehydrogenases tend to be ___ or ___ dependent. | FAD or FMN |
___ can be used to measure FAD levels. | RBC glutathione reductase |
Sources of riboflavin are: | warm blooded animals and fish, dairy products, seeds, green leaf vegetables |
Pellagra (Four D’s) | Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death |
Nicotinamide is synthesized from dietary ___ and ___. | tryptophan and nicotinic acid (niacin) |
Synthesis of NAD from tryptophan uses ___, ___, and ___. | pyridoxine, riboflavin, and iron |
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