Question 1

Lecture 48

Accepted Answer

Lipid Soluble Vitamins II, Water Soluble Vitamins I;

Question 2

Synthetic form of vitamin K has ___ chains and is ___ potent.

Accepted Answer

0 chains, more potent

Question 3

Source of vitamin K are ___ and ___.

Accepted Answer

dietary and intestinal microbes

Question 4

Vitamin K is absorbed in the ___ and ___.

Accepted Answer

colon and distal ileum

Question 5

Vitamin K Dependent Carboxylases:

Accepted Answer

Prothrombin, Factors VII, IX, X

Question 6

Factors VII, IX, X and prothrombin contain a unique modified glutamate residue, ___.

Accepted Answer

γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla)

Question 7

Gla residues are formed from newly synthesized factors by ___ in the liver (before secretion).

Accepted Answer

vitamin K-dependent carboxylase

Question 8

Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase uses both ___ and ___.

Accepted Answer

O2 and CO2

Question 9

The CO2 is incorporated into the ___ residue at the ___ position.

Accepted Answer

glutamate residue, γ-position

Question 10

Vitamin K (epoxide) is reduced to vitamin K (quinone) by ___.

Accepted Answer

vitamin k epoxide reductase

Question 11

Vitamkin K (quinone) is reduced to vitamin KH2 (hydroquinone) by ___.

Accepted Answer

vitamin k reductase

Question 12

Warfarin (Coumadin)

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K analog (rat poison), inhibits both vitamin K epoxide reductase and vitamin K reductase, inhibits coagulation

Question 13

Gla is a high affinity ___ chelator.

Accepted Answer

calcium

Question 14

Gla/calcium complexes allow interaction with ___ membrane lipids, leading to correct protein structures.

Accepted Answer

acidic

Question 15

Vitamin K deficiency is detected by ___.

Accepted Answer

prothrombin time

Question 16

Most water soluble vitamins are ___ and cannot be ___.

Accepted Answer

essential, synthesized

Question 17

Water soluble vitamins are used as ___ for reactions (exceptions are ___ and ___).

Accepted Answer

coenzymes, (ascorbic acid/vitamin C, biotin)

Question 18

Pathophysiology of water soluble deficient vitamins is result of reduced ___ activity.

Accepted Answer

enzyme

Question 19

Water soluble vitamin deficiency presents with:

Accepted Answer

multiple common deficiencies and overlapping findings, challenge is to recognize isolated and multiple deficiencies

Question 20

Water soluble vitamin deficiency is treated by:

Accepted Answer

complete vitamin supplement, easier than individual testing for deficiency

Question 21

Overlapping findings for water soluble vitamin deficiency:

Accepted Answer

rapid turnover of cell types, dermatitis/glossitis/cheilitis/diarrhea, impaired energy transduction, peripheral neuropathy, depression/confusion/malaise/lack of coordination

Question 22

Causes of water soluble vitamin deficiency:

Accepted Answer

vitamins not stored, decreased intake/absorption, increased requirement, decreased precursor

Question 23

General order of appearance in water soluble vitamin deficiency:

Accepted Answer

decreased blood levels, altered cell function, clinical symptoms, gross anatomical defects

Question 24

Toxicity of water soluble vitamins:

Accepted Answer

toxicity recapitulates deficiency by enzyme inactivation (exception is biotin and vitamin C since no enzyme)

Question 25

Important reactions involving thiamine pyrophosphate are:

Accepted Answer

transketolase/transaldolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Question 26

Thiamine pyrophosphate levels can be measured by enzymatic assessment of ___.

Accepted Answer

RBC transketolase

Question 27

Active form of thiamin is ___.

Accepted Answer

thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

Question 28

TPP is an ___.

Accepted Answer

enzyme cofactor

Question 29

Thiamin-ATP Phosphoryltransferase

Accepted Answer

Catalyzes the formation of TPP

Question 30

Additional phosphorylation yields ___, used in nerve conduction.

Accepted Answer

thiamin triphosphate (TP3)

Question 31

Thiamine is found in ___.

Accepted Answer

most foods

Question 32

Thiamin Deficiency

Accepted Answer

Early manifestations include anorexia/nausea/constipation, later manifestations include depression/peripheral neuropathy/ataxia/opthaloplegia

Question 33

Wenicke-Korsakov’s Psychosis

Accepted Answer

Thiamine deficiency, especially in chronic alcoholism

Question 34

FMN and FAD are ___ and unable to be synthesized de novo.

Accepted Answer

essential

Question 35

Complex II (ETC) is ___, a ___ dependent enzyme.

Accepted Answer

succinate dehydrogenase, flavin

Question 36

Dehydrogenases tend to be ___ or ___ dependent.

Accepted Answer

FAD or FMN

Question 37

___ can be used to measure FAD levels.

Accepted Answer

RBC glutathione reductase

Question 38

Sources of riboflavin are:

Accepted Answer

warm blooded animals and fish, dairy products, seeds, green leaf vegetables

Question 39

Pellagra (Four D’s)

Accepted Answer

Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death

Question 40

Nicotinamide is synthesized from dietary ___ and ___.

Accepted Answer

tryptophan and nicotinic acid (niacin)

Question 41

Synthesis of NAD from tryptophan uses ___, ___, and ___.

Accepted Answer

pyridoxine, riboflavin, and iron

MBC - Lecture 48

Lipid Soluble Vitamins II (Mock)

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