Chapter 6 Word Scramble
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Question/Term | Answer |
The body's largest organ | Skin (Integument) |
Integumentary system describes what | Skin and its appendages: hair, nails, and skin glands |
What is skin classified as? | Cutaneous (dry) membrane |
Two primary layers of skin. | Epidermis and dermis |
What joins the two layers of skin? | Dermoepidermal junction |
Hypodermis | Lies beneath dermis (insulation, rich in fat and loose connective tissue |
Two types of skin | Thick and thin skin |
Keratinocytes | Consitute more than 90% of cells present; principal structure of the outer skin, sometimes called corneocystes after they are fully hardened (epithethal cells) |
Melanocytes | Pigment producing cells (5% of total; contribute to skin color and filter ultraviolet light |
Epidermal dendritic cells | Branched antigen-presenting cells, play a role in immune response; also called Langerhans cells (recognize foreign antigen) |
Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells) | Attach to sensory nerve endings to form "light touch" receptors |
Dermal papillae | Form ridges |
Tactile | touch |
Stratum basale (base layer) | Single layer of columar cells; only these cells undergo mitosis and then migrate through the other layers until they are shed |
Stratum spinosum (spiny layer) | Cells arranged in 8 to 10 layers with desmosomes that pull cells into spiny shapes; cells rich in RNA (produce keratin) |
Stratum germinativum | Another name for stratum basale or stratum spinosum and stratum basale together |
Stratum granulosum (granular layer) | Cells arranged in two to four layers and filles with keratohyalin granules; contains high levels of lysosomal enzymes |
Stratum lucidum (clear layer) | Cells filled with keratin precursor called eleidin; absent in thin skin |
Stratum corneum (horny layer) | Most superficial layer, dead cells filled with keratin (barrier area) |
35 days | Turnover or regeneration time referred to time required for epidermal cells to form in stratum basale and migrate to the skin surface |
Epidermal growth factor | Regulates epidermal growth and repair |
Callus formation | Shortened turnover time will increase the thickness of the stratum corneum |
Amount of stratum basale cells to enter mitosis daily | 10 to 12% |
Epidermal proliferating unit | Each group of 8 to 10 basal cells in mitosis with their vertical columns of migrating keratinocytes |
Dermoepidermal junction | A basement membrane with unique fibrous elements and a polysaccharide gel "glue" the epidermis to the dermis below. The junction is a partial barrier to the passage of some cells and large molecules |
Dermis | "true skin" gives strength to skin, serves as a reservoir storage area for water and electrolytes, rich vascular supply plays a critical role in temperature regulation |
Structures in dermis | Arrector pili muscles and hair follicles, sensory receptors, sweat and sebaceous (oil) glands, blood vessels |
Papillary layer | composed of dermal papillae that project into the epidermis; contains fine collagenous and elastic fibers and the demoepidermal junction; forms unique pattern that gives individual fingerprints |
Reticular layer | contains dense, interlacing white collagenous fibers and elastic fibers to make the skin tough yet stretchable; when processes from animal skin, produces leather |
Layers of dermis | Papillary layer Reticular layer |
The dermis does not | continually shed and regenerate itself as does the epidermis |
During dermis wound healing | fibroblasts begin forming and unusually dense mass of new connective fibers; if not replaced by normal tissue, this mass remains a scar |
Cleavage lines | patterns formed by the collagenous fibers of the reticular layer of dermis; aka Langer's lines (incision lines) |
Hypodermis | aka subcautaneous layer or superficial fascia (connective tissue) located deep to the dermis; forms connection between skin and other structures; not part of the skin |
Melanin | (in epidermis)basic determinant is quantity, type, and distribution of melanin (color/pigment of the skin) |
Types of melanin | Eumelanin and Pheomelanin |
Eumelanin | group of dark brown, almost black, melanins |
Pheomelanin | group of reddish and orange melanins |
Melanosomes | Packets of melanin released by melanocytes |
Melanosomes are ingested by | surronding keratinocytes and form a cap over the nucleus (protect from UV rays) |
Albinism | congenital absence of melanin |
Age spots | Cumulative effects of UV ray exposure |
Skin color | how much melanin you produce (more sun=more melanin (tan)) |
Beta-carotene | (makes vitamin A) group of yellowish pigments from food can also contribute to skin color |
Hemoglobin | color changes occur as a result of changes in blood flow |
Redder skin | blood flow increase to the skin (dilate blood vessels) |
Cyanosis | Bluish color caused by darkening of hemoglobin when it loses oxygen and gains carbon dioxide |
Bruising | can cause a rainbow of colors to the skin |
Functions of the skin Protection | Physical barrier to microorganisms, barrier to chemical hazards, reduces potential for mechanical trauma, prevents dehydration, protects from excess UV ray exposure |
Emulsified protective barrier | formed by mixing of residue and secretions of sweat and sebacaous glands with sloughed epithelial cells from skin surface |
Desquamation | shedding of epithelial elements (removing layers) |
Functions of surface film | Antibacterial, anti-fungal activity, lubrication, hydration of skin surface, buffer of caustic irritants, blockade of toxic agents |
Chemical composition from epithelial elements | amino acids, sterols and complex phospholipids (cell membrane) |
Chemical composition from sebum | Fatty acids, triglycerides, and waxes |
Chemical composition from sweat | water, ammonia, urea, and lactic and uric acid (kill bacteria) |
Sensation of the skin | Skin acts as a sophisticated sense organ. Somatic sensory receptors detect stimuli that detection of pressure, touch, temperature, pain, and other general senses |
Flexibility of the skin | skin is supple and elastic, thus permitting change in body contours without injury |
Immunity of skin | Phagocytic cells destroy bacteria. Epidermal dendritic cells trigger helpful immune reaction working with helper T cells |
Homeostasis of body temperature | To maintain homeostasis of body temperature, heat production must equal heat loss; skin plays a critical role in this process |
Heat production | by metabolism of foods in skeletal muscles and liver. (more physical energy used=more heat the body produces) |
Skin excretion | Water, Urea/ammonia/uric acid |
Vitamin D production | started in the skin(exposure to UV light), blood transports precursor to liver and kidneys |
Heat loss | approximately 80% of heat loss occurs through the skin |
Evaporation | to evaporate any fluid, heat energy must be expended, this method is important when temperatures are high and its the only method heat can be lost from skin (sweating) |
Radiation | transfer of heat from one object to another without actual contact; important method of heat loss in cool environment (no contact) |
Conduction | transfer of heat to any substance in contact with the body; accounts for relatively small amounts of heat loss (contact) |
Convection | transfer of heat away from a surface by movement of air; usually accounts for a small amount of heat loss (air movement) |
Heat loss by the skin is controlled by | Negative feedback loop |
Monitor the body's internal temperature | Receptors in the hypothalamus |
Development of hair | hair follicles and hair develop from epidermis; mitosis of cells of germinal matrix forms hairs |
Lanugo | fine and soft hair present before birth |
Terminal hair | coarse pubic and axillary hair that develops at puberty |
Papilla | cluster of capillaries under germinal matrix |
Root | part of hair embedded in follicle in dermis |
Shaft | visible part of hair (dead) |
Medulla | inner core of hair (meat) |
cortex | outer portion |
Color of hair | result of different amounts, distribution, types of melanin in cortex of hair |
Growth | growth and rest periods alternate; hair on head averages 5 inches of growth per year |
Sebum | Skin oil |
Male pattern baldness (androgenic alopecia) | results from combination of genetic tendency and male sex hormones |
Two types of sweat glands | eccrine and apocrine |
Eccrine glands | most numerous, quite small, simple, coiled, tubular,function throughout life, secrete perspiration or sweat, eliminates wastes and help maintain a constant core temperature |
Apocrine glands | deep, limited distribution (axilla, areola of breast, anus), large, simple, branched, tubular, function begins at puberty, secretion shows cyclic changes in female with menstrual cycle |
Nails | consist of epidermal cells converted to hard keratin |
Nail body | visible part of each nail |
Root | part of nail in groove hidden by fold of skin, the cuticle |
Lunula | moon-shaped white area nearest root |
Nail bed | layer of epithelium under nail body, contains abundant blood vessels |
Onycholysis | separation of a nail from the nail bed |
Nail growth | nails grow by mitosis of cells in stratum basale beneath lunula |
Sebaceous glands | secrete sebum, lipid components have anti-fungal activity, simple, branched, in dermis expect for soles and palms, secretion increases in adolescence (may lead to pimples) |
Ceruminous glands | Modified apocrine sweat glands, simple, coiled, tubular, empty contents into external ear, protect area, excess can cause blockage of ear canal |
Cerumen (wax) | mixed secretions of sebaceous and ceruminous glands |
Epidermis | superficial, thinner layer (epithelial layer) |
Dermis | the deep, thicker layer (dense and vascular connective tissue) |
Friction ridges | form fingerprints or footprints, underlying dermal papillae are raised in curving parallel ridges |
Keratinocytes | principal structure element of the outer skin (skin cells that become filled with keratin) |
Strata | layer |
Keratin | tough, fibrous protein |
Corneocytes | after dead and fully keratinized, flattened keratinocytes |
Melanocytes | contribute colored pigments to the skin and serve to decrease amount of UV light |
Dendritic cells (DCs) (Langerhans cells) | branched cells that play a role in immunity |
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