MICROBIOLOGY QUIZ 1 Word Scramble
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| Question | Answer |
| 6 major groups of microorganisms | Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, Helminths, Protozoa, and Viruses |
| 1 micrometer= | 10 to the negetive 9th meter |
| virus's are in what meter range? | nanometer |
| how many meters are virus's | 10 to the negative 9th |
| prokaryotes have no | nucleus |
| 3 eukaryotes | fungus protozoa and algea |
| central dogma | dna is turned to rna which then goes to proteins |
| archaea are made up of | eukaryotes |
| why is archaea different from bacteria | because they live in very hot climates |
| 3 domains | bacteria archaea and eukaryotes |
| how old are microorganisms | 4 million years old |
| when is first fossil evidence | 3.5 billion years ago |
| first microorganisms are responsible for creating | aerobic enviroment (oxygen containing enviroment) |
| what is first bacteria and what did it do | cyanobacteria, 3.5 billion years ago, helped create oxygen |
| cyano bacteria are the largest.. | portion of biomass on earth |
| cyanobacteria allowed other organisms to | start flourishing |
| what is base of foodchain | microorganisms |
| alexander fleming | discovered pennesilin |
| what about pennesilin? | penicillium colony stopped growth of bacteria- created a halo around colony |
| microorganisms can break down | pollutants in enviroment- bioremediation |
| a lot of organisms able to convert __ into __ from ___ | corn into ethanol from fermentation |
| food is spoiled by | microorganisms |
| what helps preserve food? | heat, cold, radiation, and chemicals |
| monosodium, glutamate, critric years are all | microorganisms that work with food |
| microorganisms can be disease agents through | biotechnology |
| insulin is produced from __ and is put into microorganisms to | liver of pigs, manipulate cells |
| microorganisms can be used in gene __ | therapy |
| gene therapy example | cystic fibrosis- cant breathe properly because of mucus- caused by single mutation in gene so inject them with protein which allows them to overcome disease |
| biotechnology is | manipulating organisms |
| hooke | first person to discover idea of cells |
| who looked at a cork and developed the word "Cells" | hooke |
| what year did hooke progress in? | 1665 |
| what was anton von leewekhoek interested in? | looking at cloth under a microscope.. then salivia and pond water |
| what did leewekhoek discover? | "animalcules" which are known as bacteria now |
| what year did leewekhoek make discoveries? | 1673 |
| pasterurs experiments involved | disproving spontaneous generation theory in 1861 |
| how did pasterurs disprove spontaneous generation theory? | took broth and boiled it so everything was killed but eventually if left open the broth will become contaminated and microbacteria will pepopulate |
| thus, pasterurs proved that | living matter does not come from nonliving matter |
| pasterurs also famous for achieving | vaccines for anthrax and rabies |
| who discovered that bacteria causes wine spoilage? | pasterurs |
| who created sterilization and pasteurization? | pasterurs |
| dead zones | heat causes algae which are on top of pollutants like fertilizers are food for it, algea bloom , when they die get decomposed by microorganisms, uses up all oxygen |
| what causes a deadzone? | combination of pollutants and run off and algea feeding off of it |
| first step in stopping deadzones? | controlling the pollutants going into the water |
| bassi realized that | silkworm disease was caused by certain type of fungus |
| berkely found that | the great potato blight was caused by fungus |
| lister realized from pesters work that with use of __ he could | antiseptic agents he steralized his intruments and mortality rate went up |
| koch was first scientist to demonstrate directly the role of | bacteria in causing the diseas anthrax |
| anthrax is caused by | bacillus anthracisi |
| how did koch demonstrate anthax findings? | culture microorganisms from dead cows and inject it to healthy ones and healthy animals died |
| what was this called? | the germ theory |
| that did edward jenner do? | smallpox vaccine |
| how we use microorganisms medically | medical microbiology |
| related to microbiology bc looking how microorganisms trigger immune responses | ummunology |
| looking at microorganisms in our enviroment | microbial ecology |
| dna manipulation from one organism to another- the branch of microbiology where we manipulate genos with microorganisms | microbial genetics |
| taking bits of dna from one organism and giving it to another organisms | genetic engineering |
| genetic engineering allows for thing to | resist its enviroment |
| rna into protein is carried by ribosomes- called | translation |
| dna to rna is called | transciption |
| paramecium- | protozoan |
| with brightfield | uses light, must stain cells, organisms will be dead after staining them |
| darkfield | use condenser, used to look at organisms that dont stain well |
| example of organism used under darkfield | tuberculosis bc doesnt stain wel, smaller cells, like syphilis |
| are cells still dead under darkfield? | yes |
| phase contract | do not stain the cells so cells are alice |
| basic stains have a __ charge and consist of (3) | positive- crystal violet, methylene blue, safranin |
| organisms have slight __ charge so | negative charge so stain is attracted to cells and will bind with them |
| differential stains: | you can differentiate between one type of one organisms to another- one that is typically used with a gram stain |
| all bacteria fall into 2 groups- | one that stain with color with gram stain and another that gives another color |
| what does this depend on? | structure of cell |
| gram stain uses different stypes of stain- | crystal violet, iodine, acohol, and safranin |
| with crytal violet all cells look | purple |
| then you apply | iodine |
| iodine helps | crytal violet enter into cells |
| crystal violet is a | mordant |
| alcohol __ crystal violet from cells | removes |
| then you need a __ which is usually | counter stain, safranin |
| gram pos vs gram neg | positive are ones who retain crystal violet, negative are those who lost violet and gain color from safranin |
| use color to differentiate between | different cells |
| all cells either | gram positive or gram negative |
| 2 examples of negative staining | klebsiella, pnemoniae |
| why are these negative staining | have capsules which have slimy layer around cell prevent stain |
| capsules cause pnemonia to be | pathogenic |
| endospore staining | spores found inside cell, very difficult to stain |
| example of endorspore staining | vacillus anthracis, anthrax |
| electron microscopes have far greate ___ than light microscopes.. approx __ | resolving power; .2 nm |
| electron microscopes are good for | seeing viruses and on and inside the cells |
| distorations are | artifacts- might not be present in cells |
| how does distorations happen? | electron hitting valleys and troughs, if its a tough secondary electrong that got knocked off arnt going far enough to create an image |
| get light and dark images depending on | structure of cell |
| tem image | binary fission- bacterial cell, dna |
| transmission microscope you can see | inside the organisms |
| transmission electron microscope zoom | 10,000 to 100,100 x |
| scanning electron microscope | 3 diminsenial imaging and scanning surface |
| scanning electron microscope zoom | 1000 10,000 x |
| microorganisms elemt cycling includes | conps |
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lilcollins92