MCAT Biology Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
What are the tropic hormones?	FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
What are the direct hormones?	Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth Hormone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin does what?	Increases reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidneys
What does Oxytocin do?	Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown
What do Endorphins do?	Decrease the perception of pain
The posterior pituitary receives and stores what hormones?	ADH and oxytocin
ADH is secreted when?	In response to low blood volume
Increased levels of T4 and T3 lead to what?	Increase cellular respiration, increasing protein and fatty acid turnover by speeding up both synthesis
What does Calcitonin do?	Decrease plasma calcium levels
What are the water soluble vitamins?	B and C
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?	A, K, E, D
When is glucagon secreted?	During fasting
Glucagon triggers what?	Glycogenesis, gluconeogensis, and degradation of protein and fat
What are the three islets in the pancrease?	Alpha, Beta, and Delta cells
Alpha islet cells produce what?	Glucagon
Beta islets cells produce what?	Insulin
Delta islet cells produce what?	Somatostatin
What do Somatostatins do?	Inhibit both insulin and glucagon secretion
The pineal glad secretes what?	Melatonin
Erythropoietin are secreted where?	Kidneys
Which cells type is a phagocyte that attacks bacterial pathogens in the bloodstream?	Neutrophils
Which cell type is involved in allergic responses and are the least populate WBC?	Basophils
Which cell type id involved in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections containing large amounts of histamine?	Eosinophils
B-cell mature where?	Bone Marrow
T-cells mature where?	Thymus
Loss in Helper T-cells (CD4+) occurs in patients with what?	HIV
What does Trypsin do?	Hydrolyzes specifc peptide bonds; converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin
What does Maltase do?	Hydrolyzes maltose to 2 glucose molecules
What does Sucrase do?	Hydrolyzes sucrose to glucose and fructose
What does Bile do?	Emulsify fat
What does Lipase do?	Hydrolyze lipids
What does Enteropeptidase do?	Convert trypsinogen to trypsin and procarboxypeptidase A and B to carboxypeptidase A and B
What does Pepsin do?	Hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds; activated by HCl
What are the segments to the small intestine?	Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
What are the major waste products excreted in the urine?	H+ ions, Urea, NH3+, and Potassium (K)
What gets reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tube?	Water-soluble vitamins, glucose, amino acids, majority of salts, and water
What does aldosterone do?	Promote sodium reabsorption which in turn increases blood pressure
When and where is aldosterone secreted?	When blood pressure is low and from the adrenal cortex
Renin cleaves what to form what?	Cleaves Angiotensinogen to form Angiotensinogen I
Juxtaglomerular cells secrete what in response to low blood pressure	Renin
Does aldosterone change blood osmolarity?	No
In the nephron glucose is reabsorbed where?	Proximal convoluted tubule
Langerhan cells reside where?	Stratum Spinosum
The papillary layer consist of what?	Loose connective tissue
What passes through the Bowman's capsule?	Water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and vitamins
What does the descending limb of the loop of Henle do?	Reabsorb water using the medulla concentration gradient
What does the ascending limb of the loop of Henle do?	Reabsorbs salt and dilutes urine in the diluting segment
What does the distal convoluted tubule do?	Reabsorbs salt and secrete potassium, hydrogen ions, ammonia, and urea
What does the collecting duct do?	Determining urine concentration by reabsorbing water depending on the body's need
What are the processes of the kidney?	Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption
What hormones are found in the Anterior Pituitary	FSH, LSH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth Hormone
What does Parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?	Increase blood calcium levels
What hormone does the heart secrete and what's it's function?	Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP). It's function is to promote salt and water excretion
What does Thymosin do?	Stimulate T-cell development
What does insulin do?	Lower blood glucose levels
Granulocytes include what?	Eosinophils, Basophils, and Neutrophils
In the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium binds to what?	Troponin
What muscle type is multi-nucleated?	Skeletal muscle
What defines the boundaries of the sarcomere?	Z-lines
I-bands contain what?	Thin filaments
H-zone contains what?	Thick filaments
A-bands contains what?	All filaments
What is the periosteum?	A fibrous sheath surrounding long bones
What's a point shift mutation?	Substituting of one nucleotide for another
What's a frameshift mutation?	Moving the 3-letter transcriptional reading frame
What is a silent mutation?	No effect on the protein
What is a missense mutation?	Substitution of one amino acid for another
What is a nonsense mutation?	Substitution of. a stop codon for an amino acid *UGA, UAA, UAG
Resting membrane potential is at what?	-70mV
What is depolarization?	Raising the membrane potential Vm from its resting potential
What is hyperpolarization?	Decreasing the membrane potential Vm from its resting potential
Na+/K+ ATPase	2 potassiums in 3 sodiums out
What is the range of the excitatory input to be depolarized to the threshold?	-55 to -40 mV
`When Vm approaches +34mV the sodium channels are what?	Inactivated
What are the characteristics of mitochondrial DNA?	Circular and self replicating
Connective tissues produce and secrete what to produce the extracellular matrix?	Collagen and elastin
Microtubules are hollow polymers of what proteins?	Tubulins
What is conjugation?	Bacterial form of mating
What is transformation?	Integrating foreign genetic material into the host genome
What is transduction?	Genetic recombination requiring a vector
What's a vector?	A virus that carries genetic material from one bacterium to another
What's a transposons?	Genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome
What's a positive sense?	The RNA of the virus can be directly translated by the host ribosomes
What's a negative sense?	The RNA of the virus can't be directly translated so it must be converted into a positive sense RNA
Negative sense RNA viruses must carry what?	RNA replicase to ensure the complementary strand is synthesized
Gram positive turns what color?	Purple
Gram negative turns what color?	Pink-red
What is the bacterial growth cycle?	Lag phase--> Exponential (log) phase--> Stationary phase--> Death phase
Retroviruses contain what type of strand of RNA?	Single-strand
What can the genome of a virus look like?	Single stranded DNA, double stranded DNA, or single stranded RNA
Microtubules are organized in what pattern?	9+2
Sequence of mature sperm cell	Spermatogonium--> 1 spermatocyte--> 2 spermatocyte--> spermatid--> spermatozoan
During ovulation the oocyte is released into what?	Abdominal cavity
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does progesterone concentrations peak?	Luteal phase
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) do?	Releases FSH and LH
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle if fertilization does not occur?	Follicular phase--> Ovulation--> Luteal phase--> Menstruation
What happens during the follicular phase?	GnRH is secreted stimulating FSH and LH secretion promoting follicle development. Estrogen is released stimulating vascularization and glandularization of decidua
What happens during ovulation?	Surge of LH triggered when estrogen reaches it's threshold switching to positive feedback
What happens during the luteal phase	The ruptured follice becomes the corpus luteum secreting progesterone maintaining the uterine lining. High levels of estrogen and progesterone
What happens during menstruation if not fertilized?	Estrogen an progesterone levels drop and the endometrial lining is sloughed off
What happens during menstruation if fertilized?	Blastula produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hcG) maintaining the corpus luteum
The epidermis, hair, nails, and the epithelia of the nose, mouth, and anal cavity, as well as the nervous system forms from what embryonic layer?	Ectoderm
Musculoskeletal, circulatory, and excretory, digestive, respiratory, and adrenal cortex comes from what embryonic layer?	Mesoderm
Parts of the pancreas, thyroid, bladder, and distal urinary tracts come from what embryonic layer?	Endoderm
What are the 3 shunts in a fetus?	Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus
Foramen ovale connects to what?	Right atrium to left atrium bypassing the lungs
Ductus arteriosus connects to what?	Pulmonary artery to aorta bypassing the lungs
Ductus venosus connects to what?	The umbilical cord to the inferior vena cava bypassing liver
What happens during the first trimester?	Organogenesis
What happens during the second trimester?	Tremendous growth, movement begins, face becomes human looking, and digits elongate
What happens during the third trimester?	Rapid growth and brain development as well as the transfer of antibodies to the fetus
Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent cells?	Totipotent=Gives rise to all cell types Pluripotent= Gives rise to all 3 germ layers Multipotent= Give rise to specific cell types
Afferent v. Efferent neurons?	Afferent= Signals from the sensory receptors to the brain Efferent= Signals from the brain to the sensory receptors
Myelin is created by?	Oligodendrocytes in the CNS Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system
Is a neuron able to fire another action potential during the absolute refractory period
What happens to the sodium and potassium channels during the peak of an action potential?	Sodium channels are inactive and potassium channels are open
White v grey matter?	White= Consist of myelinated axons Grey= Consist of unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites
Excitatory cells cause what in the neuron?	Depolarization
Inhibitory cells cause what in the neuron?	Hyper-polarization
At the peak of an action potential what is the voltage?	+35mV
What are these examples of cAMP, calcium, and inositol	Secondary messengers
Where does ACE come from and what does it do?	Comes from the lungs and it converts Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2
What are the functions of Angiotensin 2?	Vasoconstrict bloof vessels to raise blood pressure Secrete Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)
The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids. These are steroid hormones which can be divided into what 3 clases?	Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and cortical sex hormones
There are 2 glucocorticoids cortisol and cortisone what do they do?	Raise blood glucose levels by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing protein synthesis
Glucocorticoids release is under the control of what?	ACTH
What is the most noteworthy minarlocorticoids?	Aldosterone
Aldosterone is under the control of what?	Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
What are the two hormones of the cortical sex hormones?	Androgen and estrogen
What type of hormones are epinephrine and norepinephrine?	Amino acid derivative hormones in one larger class of molecules called catecholamines
Type 1 v Type 2 diabetes	1= Autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas 2= Receptor level resistance to the effect of insulin
What is total lung capacity	Maximum volume of air in the lungs 6-7 Liters
What is residual volume	The volume of air remaining in the lungs when one exhales completely
What is vital capacity	Difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air (total lung- residual)
What is tidal volume	The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath
Expiratory v inspiratory reserve volume	Expiratory= Additional air that can forcibly exhaled Inspiratory= Forcibly inhaled
When blood pH decreases respiration increase what type of shift does this cause in the buffer equation	To the left reducing hydrogen ion
When blood pH increase respiration decreases what type of shift does this cause in the buffer equation	To the right increasing hydrogen ion
Solving cardiac output	CO=HR x SV
Universal recipient	AB+
Universal donor	O-
Does fetal hemoglobin have a higher or lower affinity for oxygen?	Higher (left shift curve)
Exercise shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociated curve in what direction?	The right
What valve prevents backflow in the right atrium?	Tricuspid
What valve prevents backflow in the left atrium?	Mitral (bicuspid)
What valve prevent backflow in the left ventricle?	Aortic valve
What valve prevent backflow in the right ventricle?	Pulmonary valve
What is albumin?	A protein that keeps intravascular fluids inside vessels and prevents their leakage
Where is albumin synthesized?	The liver
Oncotic v Hydrostatic pressure?	Oncotic= pulls water back into the bloodstream from surrounding tissues. Hydrostatic= pressure pushes water out of the vessels and into the interstitial space between cells
Losing albumin does what?	Decreases oncotic pressure
Pathway of electrical conduction	SA node--> AV node--> Bundle of His--> Purkinje Fibers
Where is the SA node?	Wall of the right atrium
Where is the AV node?	Between the artia an ventricle
Where is the bundle of his?	Down the interventricular septum
Where are the Purkinje fibers?	In the ventricular muscles
MHC 1 v MHC 2	1= Present in all nucleated cells and displays endogenous antigen to CD8+ (cytotoxic T-cells) 2= Present in professional antigen-presenting cells and displays exogenous antigen to CD4+ Helper T-cells
What is humoral immunity?	Produces antigen-specific antibodies and is primarily driven by B cells
What is cell-mediated immunity?	Does not depend on antibodies for its adaptive immune functions and is primarily driven by mature T cells, macrophages and the release of cytokines in response to an antigen
Active v Passive immunity	Active= refers to the process of exposing the individual to an antigen to generate an adaptive immune response Passive= transfer of antibodies from one individual to another
Epiphysis v Diaphysis	Epiphysis= Head Diaphysis= Shaft
Osteoblast v Osteoclast	Osteoblast= create new bone Osteoclast= break down old bone
What part of the bone is associated with growth?	The epiphyseal plate which is filled with mitotic cells
Purpose of synovial fluid	Lubricates the joint space
Purpose of synovial capsule	Encloses the actual joint cavity

Created by: walker89